1、107语法复习三：冠 词（一）考纲要求考纲规定，冠词考查基本用法，包括定冠词与不定冠词，不定冠词 a 与 an 的区别；不用冠词的情况；习语中的冠词；特指与泛指等。（二）命题导向冠词规则的灵活运用是高考命题的一个热点，几乎每年高考题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目，不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法，习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是高考重点考查的知识点。（三）基本用法当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用，是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物。1、定冠词的基本用法： 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I ha
2、ve bought a book. The book is very useful. 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world 等。 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest. 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United St
3、ates, the United Nation. 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家” 。如：The Smiths 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin. 发明物。如：The compass was invented in China. 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, eveni
4、ng), on the other hand , at the same time2、不定冠词的基本用法： 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table. 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea. 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire. 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一” 。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。 ） 表示同样的
5、。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。 ） 表数量，相当于 one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. （a hand 译“帮手“） 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word 3、不用冠词的情况： 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。 ） 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are study
6、ing English. 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct.108 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most. 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother? 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch ? 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gif
7、ts to each other on Christmas Day. 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball. 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手） ; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。练习（一） 、冠 词1.
8、In America, _ car is _ popular means of transportation（交通设施）.A. the, the B. a, the C. the, / D. the, a2. - What happened? - They left in such _ hurry that they forgot to lock _ door.A. a, a B. a, the C. /, the D. /, a3. There were two small rooms in the house, _ smaller of which served as _ kitchen.
9、A. a, the B. the, a C. the, the D. a, a4. I ordered _ book some time ago. _ book has arrived.A. a, The B. the, A C. a, A D. /, The5. Mr Smith is _ European and his wife is _ American.A. an, an B. a, a C. a, an D. an, a6. Lesson 10 is _ most difficult lesson, but it isnt _ most difficult lesson in Bo
10、ok One.A. a, a B. a, the C. the, the D. the, a7. My sister works in a factory. She goes home once _ month. A. a B. an C. the D. every8. He was absent because he had caught _.A. heavy a cold B. the heavy cold C. a heavy cold D. heavy cold9. _ water is _ liquid. A. The, a B. A, a C. /, / D. /, a10. In
11、 winter _ people often hang up wet clothes near _ fire.A. /, / B. a, a C. /, a D. the, a11. He has tried twice, and the captain asks him to have _ third try.A. a B. the C. another D. other12. He was a top student in the class, he often got _ in English.A. first B. a first C. second D. the second13.
12、_ horse is _ useful animal. A. The, the B. The, a C. The, an D. /, a14. Tom left Shanghai in _.A. the summer 1995 B. summer 1995 C. 1995 the summer D. the summer of 199515. _ children here live _ most happy life. A. The, the B. The, a C. The, / D. /, the16. The soldier died during _ World War I. A.
13、the B. the first C. / D. a17. In _ Marx began to learn Russian.A. a 1870 B. 1870s C. the year of 1870 D. the 1870s10918. Alice is _ of the two girls. A. taller B. the tall C. more tall D. the taller19. - Can your sister play _? - No, but she can play _.A. the tennis, the pianoB. tennis, piano C. the
14、 tennis, piano D. tennis, the piano20. The introduction is always in _ of a book.A. front B. the front C. a front D. instead21. She touched her daughter gently _ shoulder.A. in her B. on her C. in the D. on the22. Both _ wounded and _ sick were sent to safety.A. /, / B. the, the C. /, the D. the, /2
15、3. _ doctors and _ nurses should care for their patients.A. The, the B. /, / C. The, / D. /, the24. Tell us the story as _ Mother told you. A. a B. the C. an D. /25. Do you know how long _ has lived on the earth?A. man B. the man C. a man D. men26. The man was once thrown into _ prison for robbing t
16、he bank. A. a B. an C. the D./27. _ Mount Tai is in the east of China. A. A B. The C. / D. That28. I like _ history. I am studying _ history of China.A. the, / B. /, the C. a, / D. /, a29. He wrote a letter _ pencil. A. with B. in C. in a D. use a30. On October 1, the Chinese people celebrated _ wit
17、h new achievements and victories.A. National Day B. the National Day C. our National Day D. a National Day练习（二） 、冠 词1. -You mean you know the man? -I know_ man exactly like him.A. other B. the C. / D. a2. Wouldnt it be_ wonderful world if all nations live in _peace with one another?A. a, / B. the, /
18、 C. a, the D. the, the3. -I hear that as many as 1,500 people were killed in the earthquake.-Yes, _ news came as _ shock to us.A. a, a B. the, a C. /, / D. /, a4. At midnight they reached _ small village _ east of _ Everwhite Mountain.A. a,/, the B. a,/, / C. the, the, the D. the, an, an5. Nanjing l
19、ies on _ Changjiang River and has _ population of more than four million.A. the, the B. the, / C. the, a D. /, a6. Bill Clinton took _ office on January 20th, 1993 and left _ office on January 20th, 2001.A. /, / B. his, his C. the, the D. an, his7. We learn to go all out to work for _ good of _ soci
20、ety.A. the, / B. /, / C. /, a D. the, the8. Paris is _ most beautiful city, where you can see _ famous Eiffel Tower.110A. a, the B. a, / C. the, a D. the, the9. -What about _ bike? -Do you think it all right to buy him _ bike as _ birthday present?A. the, the, the B. a, the, a C. the, a, the D. the,
21、 the, a10. He had decided to give it up, but on _ second thoughts he decided to try _ third time.A. the, a B. /, / C. a, a D. /, a11. Towards _ morning, _ heavy rain began to fall.A. the, a B. a, a C. the, / D. the, /12. -Excuse me, where are _ books for biology?-Follow me. They re on this shelf. Do
22、 you want _ new or used book?A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the13. Young as he is, David has gained _ rich experience in _ society.A. /, / B. the, the C. a, / D./, the14. -My son is lost. Did you see a boy passing by?-I saw _ boy hidden behind _ tree over there. You may go and have a look.A. a,
23、 a B. the, the C. a, the D. the, a15. Mary climbed to the top of the mountain in _ hurry, looked down and found in _ surprise that _ whole town took on a new look.A. a, the, the B. a,/,the C. /,/,the D. /,/,a16. In _ old society many young women died by so curious and cruel _ custom.A. an, a B. /, t
24、he C. the, a D. the, /17. -You re sure to help me find _ bed for my new house?-Sure, but not now. Im heading for _ bed and a good sleep.A. a, a B. the, a C. a, / D. the, /18. The wheel is thought to be _ first invention of _ transportation.A. the, the B. a, a C. a, / D. the, /19. Some people say tha
25、t _ British are _ funny people.A. the, a B. /, the C. /, / D. the, /20. Don t worry about _ mistakes. They re _ natural part of learning.A. /, a B. the, / C. /, the D. the, the21. -Selma looks especially pretty tonight. -Yes, she always looks her best in _ of that kind.A. the dress B. a dress C. dre
26、ss D. the dresses22. - _did you think of the exhibition? -Oh, it was _ success.A. How, really a B. What, great C. How, / D. What, quite a23. The child had only _ slight temperature, but the doctor regarded _ illness as serious enough for _ hospital treatment.A. /,/,the B. a,/,/ C. a, the,/ D. /,the,
27、 the24. -Did you have _ wonderful time yesterday? -Yes. I was on _ top of _ world.A. /, the, a B. a, /, the C. a, a, the D. a, the, the25. I don t usually have _ breakfast, but I always eat _ good lunch.111A. /, / B. /, a C. the, / D. /, the26. -I hear therell be _ talk on English study tomorrow mor
28、ning.-Do you mean _ speech our teacher asked us to listen to?A. a, the B. the, a C. the, the D. a, a27. Mr. Stock runs _ small business, who is in _ Mexico on business.A. a, a B. /, / C. a, the D. a, /28. Although _ motor car has been with us for almost a century, I have never been able to drive_ Am
29、erican one.A. a, the B. a, / C. the, an D. the, the29. Xian was _ starting point of _ world-famous Silk Road.A. /, / B. a, a C. the, / D. the, the30. -What does “on _one handon _other“ means?-What_great fun! Youre asking me such a simple question.A. the, the, / B. the, the, a C. /, the, a D. /, the,
30、 /31. Alexander Gramha Bell invented _telephone in 1876. (MET1991)A./; B. a C. the D. one32.After watching _TV, she played _violin for an hour.A./;/ B. the ; the C. the; / D./;the （ MET1991 11）33. -Wheres jack ? -I think hes still _in bed, but he might just be in _bathroom.A./; / B. the; the C. the;
31、 / D./; the （ MET1992 36）34.Many people are still in _habit of writing silly things in _public places.A. the ; the B./; / C. the; / D./; the （MET 1993 19）35.She is _newcomer to _chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.A. the; the B. the ; / C. a; / D. a ; the （NMET1994 20）36.Wo
32、uldnt it be _wonderful world if all nations lived in _peace with one another?A. a; / B. the; / C. a; the D. the; the （NMET1994 23）37.Many people agree that _knowledge of English is a must in _international trade today.A. a; / B. the; an C. the; the D./;the （NMET 1996 13）38. Paper money was in _use i
33、n China when Marco Polo visited the country in _thirteenth century.A. the ; / B. the; the C./; the D./; /（NMET 1999 8）39.It is not true in _that people in _fifties are going to university for further education .A.90s; their B. the 90s; / C.90s; / D. the 90s; their（1999.上海 6）40.Most animals have litt
34、le connection with _animals of _different kind unless they kill them for food.A. the; a B./; a C. the ; the D./; the (NMET2000 10)41.-Have you seen _pen ? I left it here this morning.-Is it _black one ?I think I saw it somewhere.(NMET1997 7)A. a; the B. the; the C. the ; a D. a; a 42.Summers in _ so
35、uth of France are for _most part dry and sunny.A./; a B. the; / C./; / 112D. the ; the (2000.春招 8)43.I dont like talking on _ telephone; I prefer writing _letters.(2002 春招 26)A. a; the B. the ;不填 C. the; the D. was killing44.Jumping out of _airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _exciting experience
36、.(NMET 2002,26)A./;the B./;an C. an; an D. the; the45. -I dont like_New York at all. -But this isnt_ New York you remember.A. the, the B. /, the C. the, / D. /, a语法复习二十：介 词介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如 at, in, on, beside, to , for 等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，如 in front of, because of, out of, instead
37、 of 等；还有一种叫二重介词，如 until after, from behind 等。（一）介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语：The book on the table is mine.2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.（表时间） ；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因） ；They started the machine by pressing th
38、e button.（表方法）3、作表语：My dictionary is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.（二）主要介词区别1、表示时间的 at, in, on：at 表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 oclock ，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。 in 表示一段的时间，如：in the morning, in
39、 the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等。on 总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning 等。2、表示时间的 since 和 from：since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from 表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：I hope to do
40、 morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的 in 和 after：两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后，区别在于 in 表示“在（一段时间）之后” ，而 after 则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后） ”，in 短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意： after
41、 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里） 。如：After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的 in, on, to：in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某环境范围之外。如：Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的 on 和 in：on 只表示在某物的表面上，而用 in 表示占去某物一部113分。 如：There is a book on the pi
42、ece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的 through 和 across：through 表示从内部通过，与 in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与 on 有关。如： Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the c
43、orner 表示在角落里，in 指角的内面；on the corner 表示 “在角上” ，on 指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处” ，at 指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end 作“最后” 、 “终于”解，可单独使用，
44、后不接介词 of；at the end of 表示“在末梢” ， “到尽头” ，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；by the end of 作“在结束时 ”， “到末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he h
45、ad finished the novel.9、表示“关于”的 about 和 on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述” 。如：He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.10、between, among：一般说来，between 表示两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.注意
46、： 但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如： Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用 between。如：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用 between。如：They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11、besides, except, but, exce
47、pt for：besides 指“除了还有，再加上” 。如：All went out besides me.；except 指“除了，减去什么” ，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 与 except 意思近似，表示 “除了 外”经常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问词后面。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.；except for 表示“如无就，只是”表明理由细节。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的 in 和 with：表示工具的“用” ，用 with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用” ，用 in。如：He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the te
