1、 高考第一轮语法复习 名词和冠词第 1 页 共 6 页冠词1、概述英语中在名词前面经常会出现 a,an,和 the 这三个词，来帮助名词说明所表示的人或物。这三个词叫冠词。冠词是一种虚词，不能单独使用。在英语中 a, an 为不懂冠词；the 为定冠词；名词前不用冠词的情况称为零冠词。冠词的泛指：指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。冠词的特指：上下文提到的人或物；或是被限制性修饰语在其后面加以限定的人或物；也可以指说话双方心里所默认的、特定的人或事物。冠词的类指：指具有共同性质的火典型特征的事物的一个类别。冠词的专指：指类别中的一员或一部分成员或一部分具体事物。2、冠词的基本用法1. 不定冠词的用法
2、（1）不定冠词有 a, an 两种形式，当紧跟冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素时用 a；当紧跟冠词的第一个音素为元音音素时用 an。_ university; _ hour; _ honest boy; _ European country; _ X-ray; _ 800- word-long composition; _ one -eyed dog2. 不定冠词 a,an 放在可数名词单数前面表示泛指，说明名词的名称或种类，具有 “一个；一种”的意思 a friend; a pen; a book一两天：a day or two; one or two days每周一次：once a week3.
3、 放在序数词前面表示“又一；再一” ； 放在形容词的最高级前面，表示 very。eg. I ve failed it, and I want to try it for a second time.This is a most interesting book.4. 用于专有名词的前面，表示某人或某家的一个成员，某种人物或某人的作品。eg. A Linda is calling you on the phone.I want to be a Jordon.I saw a .Leonardo da Vinci in the museum.5. 放在某些表示“身份、职位、国籍”的名词前，表示主语属
4、于某个身份、国籍和职位。eg. I am a teacher. He is an American.6. 用在某些抽象名词的前面，表示抽象名词的具体化。ag. an honour; a pleasure; a beauty; a pity; a surprise7. 有些不可数名词， 如 knowledge, collection, understanding 等后面如果有 of 短语时，该不可数名词前面要加不定冠词。eg. He has _ good knowledge of English.My uncle has _ large collection of ancient vases.8
5、. 不定冠词的常用搭配in a way _ at a distance_ all of a sudden _ as a rule _ put an end to _ as a result _as a whole _ come to an end _ at a loss _make a fire _take an interest in _ make a fortune _高考第一轮语法复习 名词和冠词第 2 页 共 6 页lend a hand _ keep an eye on _ have a try _as a matter of fact_ have a cold _ have a g
6、ift for _have a good/happy time _ have a word with _ have a holiday _have a population of _ have/take a rest/ break _ get a lift /ride _go on a diet _ make a living _ after a while _in a hurry _ in a sense _ once in a while _at a blow _ for a while _ once upon a time _with a score of _ a matter of _
7、 a waste of _in a moment _ what a pity! _你还能找出相关的词组与搭配吗？练习：1. Christmas is _ special holiday when _ whole family are supposed to get together.2. I know _ John Lennon, but not _ one you know.3. They are twins, so they are of _ age.4. I dont want to have words with you. I prefer to have _ word with yo
8、u.5. China has _ rather large population than Canada.2. 定冠词的用法（1）用在表示特指的人或事物的前面：上文提到过下文再次提到的；指说话双方都知道的。eg. Would you mind turn down the TV?（2）用在世界上独一无二的事物名词之前，但是如果这些名词前有描述性定语时，常用不定冠词。eg. The sun is shining brightly._ universe 宇宙 _ world 世界 _ blue sky 蓝天 _ new moon 一弯新月（3）用在形容词和副词的最高级和序数词的前面eg. This
9、is the best film I have ever seen.He was the last to come to classroom today.(4)用在姓氏的复数前，表示一家人。eg. The Smiths are on holiday.(5)用在年代，朝代的前面eg. _ Tang Dynasty _ Spring and Autumn Period in _ 1980s(6)用于表示具体计量的结构，意思是“按计算。以 计算”by the hour/day/ week/ month/ year/ dozen/ yard/ ton/ kilo/ thousand 注意：size/
10、weight/ time 前面跟 by 连用，则中间不加定冠词。eg. Most workers get paid by _ month.The meat is sold by _ weight.练习：1. The diet is measured in _ calories, while the food is sold by _ pound.2. - Its said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 _ year.- Right, he will also get paid by _ week.(7)表示用于发明物的单数名词前面eg. T
11、he telephone was invented by Bell.高考第一轮语法复习 名词和冠词第 3 页 共 6 页(8)西洋乐器的前面用定冠词,( 中国乐器名词前不用冠词 play erhu)eg. play the piano; play the guita (9)在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾、运河等前面用定冠词。The West Lake; theYangtze River; the Grand Canal(10)“动词+sb. +介词+the+ 身体某一部位”结构中一定要使用定冠词。eg. hit sb on _ head; grasp sb. by _ arm; b
12、e red in _ face ; be blind in _ eyes(11)定冠词 the 的固定结构make the best/ most of _ in the daytime _ in the end _in the morning/afternoon/evening_ in the habit of _not in the leas(=not at all)_ in the way _ in the distance _on the whole _ on the left/right _ on the one handon the other hand_at the same ti
13、me _ at the moment _ go to the cinema/theatre _go to the doctors _ the other day _ for the time being _on the radio/phone _ on the spot _ to tell the truth _by the way _ to the public _练习：1. Some people are still in _ habit of writing in _ public places.2. He was hit by a falling stone and killed on
14、 _ spot.3. 零冠词的用法(1)不可数名词和复数名词表示泛指的概念，前面用零冠词。eg. Many students come to him for advice.Dogs like eating bones.(2)名词前已经有 this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 或名词所有格等限定词修饰时，用零冠词。eg. He is not my type of husband.My heart was beating wildly when I met my headteacher in the street.(3)星期、月份、季节、节假日、地名、
15、洲、称呼、职位、头衔、三餐、球类、棋牌类、语言、学科等前用零冠词。eg. We only have no lessons on Sunday.Spring is the best season here.I like learning biology very much.注意：表称呼，职位，头衔的名词在句子中作表语、同位语和补语的时候前面用零冠词；但是如果在句子中作主语和宾语的时候应该用相应的冠词。eg. Professor Li is chairman of the association.The chairman has something to say.(4)as 引导让步状语从句时，放
16、在句首的单数名词前面用零冠词。eg. Diligent student he is, he didnt pass the exam.(5)以下的词只能用作不可数名词，前面不能加任何冠词：baggage (luggage); furniture; health; wealth; weather; fun; space (太空); advice; news; progress; information (6)独立主格结构中“单数名词+介词短语”的结构中，单数名词前用零冠词。eg. The teacher came in, book in hand.高考第一轮语法复习 名词和冠词第 4 页 共 6
17、页= The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.=The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. = The teacher came in, a book held in his hand.(7)相关词组搭配on second thought _ for certain _at noon/ dawn(daybreak)/ dusk/ night/ midnight _no such thing _ come to light _ come to power (take office)_give
18、birth to _ in case of _ come/rank first _ out of order/ sight/ work/ control/ date/ patience/ reach/ breath/ danger_in use/ danger/ public _ ahead of time _ in debt _under repair _ day and night _ from morning till night _by mistake _ in place of _ by law _by air(plane)/ train/ car/ bike _ on board
19、_at war _ at peace _ catch fire _练习：1. Many lifestyle patterns do such _ great harm to health that they actually speed up _ weakening of the human body.2. The little girl is very happy, _ flower ion _ hand.3. He turned _ civil servant last year.4. Many people come to realize that they should go on _
20、 balanced diet and make _ room fin their day for exercise.3、冠词的活用1. “the+形容词或分词”表示类指，指一类人。the wounded ; the old; the young; the unknown; the deaf; the dying; the living/ he dead2. 抽象名词具体化时，被抽象的名词常和不定冠词连用，表示“一种，一阵，一件；一份，等” 。A heavy rain; a surprise; a pleasure; a success/failure; a pressure; a concer
21、n; a bad headache3. 形容词比较级和最高级的冠词的活用形容词的比较级前面如果用定冠词 the, 则表示“两者中较的” ；而形容词比较级前面如果用不定冠词，则表示“较、再” ；most 前面如果用定冠词，表示 “三者或三者以上最” ；most 前面用不定冠词，怎无比较的含义，相当于 very.eg. Which is the larger country, China or Canada?This a most boring book.练习：1. This pair of shoes is not fit me. Would you show me _ bigger pair?
22、2. He is _ most diligent student in our class.3. It we sit in the front of the classroom, we ll have _ better view.4. 序数词前的冠词活用序数词和定冠词连用，表示“第” ；序数词与不定冠词连用时表示“又、再” ；序数词修饰动词时，用零冠词。eg. Please give me a second chance. I was excited when I first saw the pop star.5. 星期、月份、季节、节假日、地名、洲、称呼、职位、头衔、三餐、球类、棋牌类、语高
23、考第一轮语法复习 名词和冠词第 5 页 共 6 页言、学科等前用零冠词。但是这种用法师相对的，有时在句子中，要根据具体句子意思运用相应的冠词：eg. I graduated from college in 2010.= I graduated from college in the year of 2010.6. 名词前用不用冠词意思不同的词组 go to bed _ stay/lie in bed _ make the bed_at table _ at the table _in hospital/ prison _ in the hospital/ prison_in charge of
24、 _ in the charge of _by day _ by the day _in place of _ in the place of _in front of _ in the front of _in office _ in the office _out of question _ out of the question _take place _ take the place of _have a word with sb_ have words with sb _名词一、 可数名词复数的变化1. 规则变化名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es 。现将构成方法列表如
25、下：构成方法 例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes，watch-watches, dish-dishes变 -f 和 -fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives3以-f或-fe结尾的词 加- s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，
26、变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays一般加-es hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos，photo-photos，kilo-kilos6 以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes，volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s r
27、adio-radios，bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months2. 不规则变化英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：构成方法 例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species, li, yuan, jin3 只有复数形式 ashes，trousers
28、，clothes ，thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents高考第一轮语法复习 名词和冠词第 6 页 共 6 页4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体) ，也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, Party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(
29、军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表 ), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese， Chinese, Japanese7 表示“某国人” 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men，-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复
30、数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups，housewives, stopwatches8 合成名词将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants二、名词作定语名词作定语的情况如下：1表示材料的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的。如：a diamond necklace 一条钻石项链； silk book 帛书。2表示用途、性质的名词作定语。如：light waves 光波； sports shoes 运动鞋。3如果两个
31、名词构成部分与整体的关系，则表示整体的名词可以作定语(常指物) 。如：animal bones 动物骨头； cigarette ends 烟头。4表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方。如：Americas culture 美国文化。5表示性别或身份的名词作定语。如：a female elephant 一头母象。6表示泛指的时间名词作定语。如：evening dress 晚礼服； rooster year stamp 鸡年邮票。但表示具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格形式来表达。如：yesterdays news 昨天的消息；an hours drive 一小时的车程。注意：名词作定语时，一般用 单数形式，但在特殊情况下，要用复数形式。如：sports meeting 运动会； the United States government 美国政府； the students reading-room 学生阅览室； goods train 货车 ；two men-doctors 两个男医生。
