1、浅 谈 英 语 高 考 备 考 策 略,湖南师大附中 黄长泰2009.3.31,各位老师，您好！我们十分荣幸能和大家一起在09年高级研修班共同探讨高考备考这一课题。与此同时，我们也希望有更多的老师和学生研究和了解我们这一课题的核心内容和指导思想，并在英语教学和高考备考中取得事半功倍的效果。我们衷心地希望您和您的学生在今年高考中取得更好的成绩。 朱泌太 黄长泰 2009.04.01 我们的联系方式： 13508480886 13874886080,1、英语备考的指导思想 2、听力训练的基本要求 3、复习语法的基本方法 4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 5、书面表达的练习层次和基本要求
2、,1、英语备考的指导思想,我们有必要让学生明白一个基本道理： 我们学习英语的目的不能只是为了应付高考，而是培养终身学习和运用英语的能力，使自己提高人文素质，拓宽国际视野，成为全面发展的人才。,听的能力是语言交际中不可或缺的能力。在听力训练中我们应该考虑让学生把握听力测试中的两个重要环节： 1）利用所给的时间（在听力材料播出之前）仔细阅读题干（问题）并领会其意思，再阅读几个所给的选项，并比较出他们之间的差异。 1. Where does this conversation take place? A. At a bank. B. At a hospital. C. At a post offic
3、e. 我们可以利用地点作出这样的推测： A. 银行与银行业务；B. 就医与医院；C. 邮局与邮政业务，然后从听力材料中捕捉相关信息并得出正确答案。,2、听力训练的基本要求,2）利用已知信息来对题目做出合理的预测。 人物关系(What is the relationship between the two speakers?)与呼语: 如果对话中出现 “Sir, Madam”，可以推断为陌生人之间的对话，如问路，购物等等；如果出现 “Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. White”，可以推断为熟人之间的对话，如经理和雇员、医生和护士等等；如果出现 “Darling / Dear” 或直呼其名，可以
4、推断为恋人或家庭成员之间的对话。,2）利用已知信息来对题目做出合理的预测。 人物关系和地点(Where is the dialogue most probably taking place?): 如果能确认对话者的关系为顾客与店员(What can I do for you?)、顾客与侍者(Can I take your order?)、警察与路人(Excuse me, officer, but could you tell me the way to the nearest post office?)，我们就可以推断发生对话的地点为商店、餐馆、或街道，等等。,The other day I
5、went to see a new movie with my girlfriend. But when we got to the cinema, the movie had been on for half an hour. So we saw only the two-thirds of it.,the length of the movie: _,90 minutes,How long did the movie last? A. 90 minutes B. 100 minutes C. 120 minutes,3) 明确听力填词与选择题的相关性,the number of eggs
6、kept in the fridge: _,five,How many eggs did she put into the fridge? A. Five. B. Six. C. Seven.,Mrs Jones went to the supermarket in the morning and she bought a dozen eggs. Unfortunately when she got home, she carelessly drop the box on the ground and found seven of them were broken.,Mr Blacks tot
7、al income: _ a week.,400 dollars,Whats Mr Blacks total income each week? A. $200 B. $350 C. $400,Mr Black works in a small company and he is paid 250 dollars each week. But this is not enough for a big family of seven people-they had five children. So he takes another job at a shoe-making factory. H
8、e works there at night and makes 150 dollars a week.,The man told his _ to get the papers ready for the job interview.,She asked _ _ _ to pack the food for her.,wife / secretary,her husband/,the waiter/,salesman,4) 注意逻辑与常识的运用,3、复习语法的基本方法1) deductive approach or inductive approach?2) simply memorizin
9、g something or learnsomething by making use of it?,3、复习语法的基本呈现方法1) deductive approach or inductive approach?the passive voice: be + v-edam / is / are given were / was givenhave / has been given had been givenwould / will be given am / is / are being givento be / have been given being / having been g
10、iven,The passive voice,This morning after waking up at 6:30,my clothes were put on.,In the washroom, my teeth were brushed,and my face was washed.,At 7:00, my breakfast was eaten.,This is bad English.,This morning after waking up at 6:30,I put on my clothes. In the washroom I brushed my teeth,and wa
11、shed my face.,At 7:00, I ate my breakfast.,This is good English.,The deductive approach: The passive voice is used when- we dont know who does the thing: My new bike was stolen last night. The rich man was robbed on his way to the bank. it is not important who does it: The bridge was built more than
12、 2000 years ago. His grandfather was wounded in the war in 1944. we have to arrange the sentence in a better way: Mr. King came into the meeting room and waswarmly welcomed.,The inductive approach: The passive voice is used when- we dont know who does the thing: My new bike was stolen last night. Th
13、e rich man was robbed on his way to the bank. it is not important who does it: The bridge was built more than 2000 years ago. His grandfather was wounded in the war in 1944. we have to arrange the sentence in a better way: Mr. King came into the meeting room and waswarmly welcomed.,Clear or unclear?
14、 They called her.I made her. God made her.,They called her the Loulan Beauty. I made her very happy.,What is an object complement?,verb + object + object complement,They were buried alive.,Lava, ash and rocks buried all the people _.,alive,The Japanese invaders buried many Chinese soldiers _.,alive,
15、What are they doing? They are setting the birds _.,free,What are they doing? They are painting the house _.,What is the little girl doing? She is painting the house _.,blue,white,Yesterday Margaret had a fight with her husband, who is a famous boxer. What do you guess has happened to her as a result
16、? Her husband beat her black and blue.,Margaret,Very loud noises can drive people _.,mad / crazy.,Who cut her hair short?,Her mom, her teacher or the barber?,What is the soldier doing?,What is the man doing?,He is kicking the door _.,He is kicking the door _.,open,open,bury someone alive set the bir
17、ds free paint the house blue / white beat someone black and blue drive someone mad / crazy cut the hair short kick / push / hold the door open keep the children quiet make the sentence easy,Work for group 1: 1. Lines 11 & 12 on p. 42 2. Lines 17 & 18 on p. 42 3. Lines 39 & 40 on p. 43 4. Line 42 on
18、p. 43 Work for group 2 1. Lines 14 & 15 on p. 38 2. Lines 32 & 33 on p. 38 3. Lines 12 & 13 on p. 22 4. Lines 18 & 19 on p. 22 5. Lines 57 & 58 on p. 22,Find more examples for “verb + object + object complement”,Work for group 3: 1. Lines 24 & 25 on p. 18 2. Line 28 on p. 18 3. 3rd paragraph on p. 1
19、7 4. 4th paragraph on p. 17 Work for group 4 1. Lines 22 & 23 on p. 2 2. Line 24 on p. 2 3. Lines 26 - 28 on p. 2 4. Lines 31 & 32 on p. 3 5. Line 38 on p. 3,1. Lines 11 & 12 on p. 42 Unfortunately, all the people were buried alive, so was the city. Lava, ash and rocks buried all the people alive. 2
20、. Lines 17 & 18 on p. 42. So in 1860, the Italian archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli was made director of the Pompeii dig. they made him director of the Pompeii dig. 3. Lines 39 & 40 on p. 43 Sven found the remains of buildings buried under the sand 4. Line 42 on p. 43 We found the ruins most interesti
21、ng.,Work for group 1,1. Lines 14 & 15 on p. 38others have been made more complex over time.people have made others more complex over time. 2. Lines 32 & 33 on p. 38These characters are called pictophonetic characters. People call these characters pictophonetic characters. 3. Lines 18 & 19 on p. 22we
22、 sometimes find it hard to decide which words or phrases to use 4. Lines 57 & 58 on p. 22This is called a dialect. People call this a dialect.,Work for group 2,1. Lines 24 & 25 on p. 18 The second type is called a bump and bite. People call the second type a bump and bite. 2. Line 28 on p. 18The thi
23、rd type is called a sneak. people call the third type a sneak. 3. 3rd paragraph on p. 17From around the corner she could hear someone singing. 4. 4th paragraph on p. 17She turned around and saw a man in a beautiful dresswalking in the painting.,Work for group 3,1. Lines 22 & 23 on p. 2Suddenly Polly
24、 felt a rough hand brush her face and sheheard a voice in her ear saying Sorry. 2. Lines 24 on p. 2She could feel her heart beating with fear. 3. Line 26-28 on p. 2A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along.Now she wanted to run but fear held her still. 4. Lines 31 & 32 on p. 3Polly f
25、ound herself staring up at a man standing with his hand resting on her arm. 5. Line 38 p. 3 Polly heard it hit the step.,Work for group 4,1. bury sb. alive 2. make sb. director of 3. find sth. buried 4. find sth. most interesting 5. make sth. more complex 6. call sth. pictophonetic character 7. find
26、 it hard to do 8. call sth. a dialect 9. call sth. a bump and bite 10. call sth. a sneak,What can be used as object complement?,11. hear sb. singing 12. see sb. walking 13. feel sb. do 14. hear sb. doing 15. feel sb. doing 16. wish for sb. to do 17. hold sb. still 18. find oneself doing 19. with sb.
27、 doing 20. hear sb. do,1, 4, 5, 7, 17,2, 6, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19,3,16,13, 20.,adj.,n.,v-ing.,v-ed.,to do,do,What can be used as object complement?,bury someone alive call something a dialect hear / feel someone doing wish for someone to do feel / hear someone do find something buried,verb
28、 + object + object complement,1. adj. 2. n. 3. doing 4. to do 5. do 6. done,建议： 1、复习过程中，把词汇、短语和句型的复习与它们所在课文语境结合起来，努力做到在句子中复习单词，在语境中理解句子，尽力避免没有语境的词汇堆砌而形成的死记硬背。 2、坚持用全英语组织教学，努力做到We speak English when possible and Chinese when necessary. 从而创造良好的语言环境，让学生的语言能力在实际的运用中得到训练和提高。继续把英语课上成语言的实践课，而不是理论课。努力避免满堂灌的
29、讲解和大量的抄写笔记。试题讲解尽可能在一定的语境中进行，使学生在语境中掌握词汇和句型的基本用法。,3、复习语法的基本方法1) deductive approach or inductive approach?2) simply memorizing something or learnsomething by making use of it?,在讲解have something done这个短语时，我们可以考虑使用一个这样的语境（intending to explain: when we have something done, it is usually done by other peo
30、ple）： Teacher: Suppose you feel your hair is too long, where do you think you can have a haircut? Student: At the barbers shop? Teacher: Who cuts your hair, the barber or you yourself? Student: The barber, of course. Teacher: So we say: “We go to the barbers to haveour hair cut.”,关于短语“used to do som
31、ething” (intending to illustrate: when we say we used to do something, what we really mean is that it is something we often did in the past but we dont do it now.) My grandma used to be beautiful when was young. I think my grandma is beautiful because I love her.,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 1）英语阅读的目的2）阅读训练
32、的三个层面3）完形填空题的基本理论和解题方法4）阅读解题能力的技巧的提高,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 1）英语阅读的目的（1）与文章的作者顺利的交流(a successful communication between thewriter and the reader)（2）与题目出题者成功的较量(a successful answer to the question)（3）复习已学词汇、短语、句型和语法（4）学习已学词汇的新语义和新用法,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 2）阅读训练的三个层面A. 阅读、做题、计分；B. 阅读（弄懂文章的主题和作者的写作意图），不做题、
33、不计分；C. 阅读（弄懂文章的主题和作者的写作意图），不做题、不计分，分析题干（弄清出题者的意图），比较选项（了解各选项的差异）。,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 3）完形填空题的基本理论和解题方法,A、完形填空的起源与运用,完形填空法（the close procedure）的产生与格式塔 心理学（Gestalt psychology）有着密切的关系。格 式塔心理学特别注重作为整体的经验模式（Gestaltpsychology is especially concerned with patterns ofexperience as wholes.）。,它强调：不能通过对各部分的分
34、析来认识整体。 要理解整体的全部性质，就必须“自上而下”地分 析整体结构到各个组成部分的特性。,完形填空题的创始人：威尔逊泰勒（Wilson Taylor）,“完形填空并不直接涉及特定的意思。它只 是反复地从两种语言模式的相似之处取样： 一种是写的人表达自己的思想的语言模式， 另一种是反映读的人根据自己的理解作出的 猜测的语言模式。”,B、完形填空法的用途：,1）判断阅读教材的难易程度，以确定其可读性；,2）评估双语流畅程度；,3）评估阅读理解能力；,4）研究上下文的制约关系；,5）评估教学效果,a. 忽视阅读理解，则重考查语法：,“A. do B. done C. doing D. to d
35、o”,“A. at B. in C. on D. to”,b、语篇选材太难，超过学生的话语水平，考试结果很差。,c、语篇太短或者太长，短文的第一句就开始挖空；挖空的间距太小或挖出词过多，使学生读不懂。,C. 完形填空题测试中常见问题：,C、完形填空题的解题方法,完形填空题是测试话语水平的题型。根据完 形填空法的基本理论，我国在高考NMET的 测试中使用完形填空题的主要目的在于考察 考生的短文阅读理解能力。,威尔逊泰勒说：“完形填空所涉及的是一系 列与上下文相联系的空白， 而不是孤立的 空白。”,a快速通读全文，从整体上来思考短文，分析全文的基本结构和表达层次，从而弄清文章的主要意思。,b仔细阅
36、读短文的各个细节，努力从字里行间找到能够利用的各种线索，作出合理的推断，从而找出可能的正确答案。,c“栏目”还是“节目”？“手枪”还是“冲锋枪”？什么样的手枪？,由文章的主题/主体决定 由逻辑和常识决定 由文章的细节（上下文）决定,d我们可以用下列的思路来寻找可能存在的线索：, graphic and morphological clues （书写和形态变化线索）, lexical clues（词汇线索）；, syntactic clues（句法线索）；, social-cultural clues（社会文化线索）, contextual clues（上下文线索）,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力
37、和技巧的提高 4）阅读解题能力的技巧的提高（1）主旨题的判断（2）词义的推测（3）信号词的运用,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 4）阅读解题能力的技巧的提高（1）主旨题的判断,2) A. Population B. Population in ChinaC. Population Problem,1) A. Walking B. Walking in the gardenD. Walking in Space,A、题目应具有概括性，能够涵盖全文的内容，而不是文章的局部或部分内容；与此同时，又要具有局限性。,Courting behavior in birds is also beli
38、eved to be instinctive. In one experiment Daniel Lehrman of Rutgers University found that when a male blond dove was isolated from females, it soon began to bow and coo to a stuffed model of a female-a model that it had previously ignored. When the model was replaced by a rolled-up cloth, he began t
39、o court the cloth; and when this was removed the sex-crazed dove directed his attention to a corner of the cage, where it could at least focus its craze. It seems that threshold for release of the behavior pattern became increasingly lower as time went by without the sight of a live female dove. It
40、is almost as though some specific “energy” courting behavior were building up within the male ring dove.,Passage 1,要注意选择既具有概括性 又具有具体性的标题。,The best topic for this paragraph is _. A. A Male Blond Ring Dove B. Courting Behavior C. A Live Female Dove D. Courting Behavior in Birds,D,Passage 1,2、 文章的大意或中心
41、思想 (main idea or topic)：作者对主题（topic）概述，即一个具有概括性和总结性的陈述句。对中心思想作明确而肯定的阐述的句子叫做主题句（topic sentence or main idea sentence）。细节内容（supporting details）是指用来支持中心思想的例证、说明和详述等等。,Compare the items within each group below and indicate whether each one is a statement of main idea (MI), a topic or a specific supporti
42、ng detail (D).,Topic: _ Main Idea: _Detail: _,B,C,A,Group 1 A. In 1981 Henry Cisneros of San Antonio became the first Mexican-American mayor of a large city. B. Mexican-American political gains. C. Since 1960 Mexican-Americanshave made impressive political gains.,Topic: _ Main Idea: _Detail: _,C,A,B
43、,Group 2 A. For poor farm families life on the plains meant a sod house or dugout carved out of the hillside forprotection from winds. B. One door and usually no more than a single window provided light and air. C. Sod houses on the plains.,Group 3Topic: _ Main Idea: _Detail: _,A,B,C,A. As individua
44、ls, American tend to value the knowledge and skills transmitted by the schools, not for their own sakebut because they hope totranslate those skills into goodjobs and money. B. social mobility through education. C. As one study indicates, many students are attracted to college because of job and car
45、rier considerations.,Topic: _ Main Idea: _Detail: _,C,B,A,A. For example, human babies require about twice as many calories per unit of body weight as adults. B. Although children need lesstotal food than adults, their metabolic needs exceed those of adults in proportion to their body weight. C. Met
46、abolic needs of children.,Group 4,Topic: _ Main Idea: _Detail: _,A,C,B,Group 5 A. The question of a bill of rights. B. First, Hamilton wrote in Federalist 84 that a bill ofRights might be necessary to restrict a king, butnot a government established by the people; such a government, he said, possess
47、es only the powersgiven to it by the people. C. A serious objection raised against the Constitutionby those who opposed its ratification was that it continued no Bill of Rights.,4、阅读训练的目的与解题能力和技巧的提高 4）阅读解题能力的技巧的提高（2）词义的推测,复现关系和同现关系 A.复现关系的表现形式：原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词 B.同现关系：词汇共同出现的倾向性。,Giant storm wa
48、ves have so hit the place -once well buffered by sea ice-that villagers voted in 2002 to leave their ancestral home for the mainland.,Before temperatures began to rise in Shishmaref about 30 years ago, 20 to 30 miles of hard sea ice protected the village from powerful fall storms.,07年样题中的语境比较：,复现关系和
49、同现关系。,A. 复现关系表现形式：原 词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词,a. 原词复现：,The history of plastics is longer than you might think. In fact that the first man-made plastics ever to appear on the market was made 300 years ago.,b. 同义词、近义词复现：,He got a lot of presents from his friends and family. All of the gifts were wrapped in colored paper.,
