1、Summary of Lecture 27-29,Existential Sentence?,There stood the poor lady against a moon as bright as the sun. Pattern: There + be + NP(notional subject or real subject) + locative/ temporal expression (adverbial) The notional subject, which is actually the focus of information, is usually a noun phr
2、ase with indefinite specific reference. The determiners include the indefinite article, the zero article, and other indefinite determiners such as some, any, no, several, many, much, more, (a) few, (a) little, less, another, a lot of, plenty of, a number of, enough, etc,There used to be a petrol sta
3、tion near the park, _?A. didnt it B. doesnt there C. usednt it D. didnt there There isnt anything wrong with the radio, _? A. is there B. is it C. does it D. does there There appeared to be no better way, _?A. was there B. were there C. did there D. didnt there Key: D A C,Tag questions,They must hav
4、e stayed at hotel last night, _?a. mustnt they b. havent they c. didnt they d. hadnt they I suppose youre not going today, _? a. are you b. do you c. dont you d. arent you I wish to shake hands with you, _? a. shall I b. may I c. do I d. will I Key: C A B,Empty it and anticipatory it,In the sentence
5、 “Its no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is_.A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subjectYes, he would give them three thousand pounds: it would be liberal and handsome!It would be enough to make them completely easy. from Sense and Sensibility Key: D,Cleft sentence and P
6、seudo-cleft sentence,I have two grammar classes today at room 210 in Wenli building. I have two grammar classes today. I have two grammar classes today. I have two grammar classes today. I have two grammar classes today at room 210 in Wenli building. It + be + focal element + that/ who-clause I have
7、 two grammar classes today.,Refering it or non-refering it? Empty it, introductory it or anticipatory it?,It is the story she told me last night. It is the story that she told me last night. It was the story she would always tell me when she was bored,when there was nothing to do, when every bowl ha
8、d been washed and the Formica table had been wiped down twice, when my father sat reading the newspaper and smoking one Pall Mall cigarette after another, a warning not to disturb him.,Lecture 30-32 Coordination and Subordination,coordinate or subordinate?,1. phrase level (with one or more heads?中心词
9、) a book with many pictures a book and many pictures2. sentence level (main/minor clause?) I die and many others live. I die so that many others may live.,Coordination construction 并列结构,1. 什么是并列结构? 2. 并列结构的各种形式表达什么意义? 3. 使用并列结构连词时应该注意的问题,Subordination construction 从属结构,1. 什么是从属结构? 2. 名词性从句/分句 3. 形容词
10、性从句(定语从句) 4. 副词性从句(状语从句),To clarify,Sentence Clause Types of sentences Coordinate construction Subordinate construction Absolute construction,The Sentence,is a group of words expressing a complete thought.,expressing,a complete thought,words,words,words,words,words,Every sentence has two essential p
11、arts: and,The subject of a sentence is the part about which something is being said.,The flower bloomed.,Bob painted.,The girls on the team were all good students.,The predicate of a sentenceis the part which says something about the subject.,Bill told everyoneabout the wreck.,Mary sobbed.,Sue plays
12、 the piano well.,subject,predicate,The simple subject is the main word in the complete subject.,The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or group of words in the complete predicate.,The complete subject is the main word and all its modifiers.,The complete predicate is the verb and all its mod
13、ifiers.,The four new students arrived early.,Complete subject The four new students,Simple subject students,Saras sister took us bowling yesterday.,Simple predicate took,Complete Predicate took us bowling yesterday,Clauses: dependent and independent,What is a clause?,A clause is a group of related w
14、ords containing a subject and a verb.,It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship.,1. Sentence=Clause 2. Sentence Clause 3. Sentence Clause,Types of sentences,Communicative function statement, question, command and exclamation. Grammatical struct
15、ure simple, compound and complex. Two or more coordinated clauses make a compound sentence. A main clause and one (or more) dependent clause (s) constitute a complex sentence.,Coordination,Lecture 30 Coordination,A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that
16、are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators. Coordinators (conjunctions)and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, （and）then,30.1 Types of coordinate constructio
17、ns,1) Formation of coordinate constructions 2) Coordinating devices 3) Insertion between coordinated items 4) Symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions,1) Formation of coordinate constructions,Different ranks: a sequence of coordinated words, a sequence of coordinated phrases, or a sequen
18、ce of coordinated clauses. Compound sentence Two or more coordinated clauses make a compound sentence.,2) Coordinating devices,A coordinate construction is formed with coordinating devices including,1. By a comma (commas) and coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so).,
19、2. By a semicolon to show contrast,3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.).,4. And, by colon to amplify,You can fool all of the people some of the time . You can fool some of the people all of the time. You cant
20、 fool all of the people all of the time. You can fool all of the people some of the time and some of the people all of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time.- Abraham Lincoln,Avoiding Run-on Sentences,A run-on sentence is one in which two clauses have been connected incorrect
21、ly. Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night they are probably wrong.,Avoiding Run-on Sentences,1. We can insert a period and start a new sentence.,Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night. They are probably wrong.,2. We
22、 can insert a comma plus a coordinating conjunction.,Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night, but they are probably wrong.,3. We can use a semicolon.,Some students think they can study for an important exam by “cramming” all night; they are probably wrong.,3)
23、 Insertion between coordinated items,conjunctive adverb prepositional phrase adverbial clause disjunctive adverb,4) Symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions,Television has been called in the United States a source of information. It is also called a means of entertainment. Its severest c
24、ritics call it a “plug-in” drug. In the United States television has been called a source of information, a means of entertainment and, as its severest critics call it, a “plug-in” drug.,30.2 Coordinators semantically considered,According to grammatical functions Three basic coordinators: and, or, b
25、ut. Both as conjunctions and as conjunctives adverbs: yet, so, nor. Correlative pairs: both and, not onlybut also, notnor, neithernor, eitheror, etc. Quasi-coordinators: as well as, as much as, rather than, more than , etc. Conjunction both as a coordinator and as a subordinator: for.,30.2 Coordinat
26、ors semantically considered,According to semantic functions coordinators denoting “addition”, and coordinators denoting “alternation”, or coordinators denoting “contrast”, but,1) And-group coordinators,This group includes and, bothand, not onlybut also, notnor, neithernor, etc. E.g. He is Jack of al
27、l trades and master of none. (contrast) He opened the door and went in . (temporal sequence),Attention,To make the series move slowly and seem lengthy and drawn-out, we repeat the coordinator all through the series, eliminating the commas. In addition to semantic extension, and can denote other mean
28、ings, such as temporal sequence, result, condition, contrast, and it can also function as an attitudinal disjunct. E.g. Customer: Can you give me a room and a bath?Hotel clerk: I can give you a room, but you have to take your own bath, sir. Grammatical constructions like “nice and, good and, go and,
29、” seem to be, but actually are not , coordinate constructions: He is good and hungry. (very, extremely.) Youre all nice and hardworking. Keep it sweet and short.,卜,and前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是 nice and good.还有： fine, rare, sweet, bright, big, clear, lovely, pure, well 等： Its rare and hot
30、inside. She is big and busy. I shall go into business bright and early in the morning. I didnt like the speech, but at least it was nice and short.,这种结构第二个形容词在名词前作定语时,and往往可以省略 I prefer good black coffee.浓浓的咖啡。 You scold me so much in the nice long letter. 长长的信。 And 连接两个相同名词表“不同类型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有坏的”的
31、含义： There are teachers and teachers. You can find doctors and doctors. There are translations and translations. There are women and women.,但如重复两次，则表“众多”: We saw dogs and dogs and dogs all over the place. 两个或两个以上的简单句关系如不很紧密，并列连词可引导单独一个句子： Youre alive! And shes dead. Im sorry to trouble you. But can y
32、ou direct me to the nearest post office?,口语中，and 与 be 或 go 的完成体搭配表示说话人对另一人所做某蠢事感到恼怒或埋怨：That idiot Antonio has gone and locked our door. 这个笨蛋，竟把我们的门锁了。 Youve gone and waked him. Hes so tired. 你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累坏了。 Youve been and bought such a pair of shoes. 你怎么买了这么一双鞋！ Whos been and taken my dictionary? 真讨
33、厌，谁拿了我的字典？,And that (而且) 用来补充说明前面的内容以加强语气。其中 that 代替上文中某个词、短语或句子，以避免重复。有时只用and:Return to your work, and that at once. 回去干活，马上去！ He will come, and that soon.而且马上就来。,表示并列成分都被否定时，在 not , nothing , without , never 等后宜用 or, 不用 and, 因为 and 连接的并列成分在否定词后有歧义： He doesnt have long hair or wear jeans.= He and h
34、e doesnt wear. He doesnt have long hair and wear jeans. = 1) 同上。2) Either he doesnt have long hair OR he doesnt wear jeans.要么要么 She cant sing or dance.=Sheand she. She and.=1). 2) Either she cant sing or she cant dance.,And 连接的分句表主从意义。第一分句是第二分句的条件或时间：Go by train and youll get there quicker. = If you
35、 go One more effort, and youll succeed. = If you makeOne more boot, and Ill have a pair.如并列分句均为祈使句，第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果：Surrender and live; resist and die. = If you surrender, youll live; Dont drink and drive. = If you dont drink, you can drive. Or:If you drink, you cant drive. 不许酒后开车。C.f. Dont drink or
36、drive.= Dont drink and dont drive.,有时用 and 表示部分否定，即否定其中一个，通常是否定后者：He is not a teacher and a writer. 他是教师，不是作家。 He didnt speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚，但不正确。,2) Or-group coordinators,This group includes or and eitheror, denoting “alternation”. Besides “alternation”, or and eitheror can also denot
37、e a negative condition . The use of eitheror, neithernor, is different from that of bothand, not onlybut also in that the later must be followed by similar construction.(Page 343) E.g. Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either. （句首） Either the president
38、 will resign through ill-health, or he will die in office. （句首） He both likes fiction and poetry. (correct) He not only likes fiction but also poetry. (correct),在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 连接同等成分。Or 一般不表示所择关系：He has no money or food. = He has neither money nor food. I didnt find him clever or good-looking.
39、= I found him neither clever nor. A sheep was not moving about or eating grass like the others. 有一只羊的行动和(？或)吃草的样子跟别的羊不一样。 Spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongs.蜘蛛从不危害我们，也(？或)不危害我们的财物。,3) But-group coordinators,This group includes but, notbut, while, whereas, yet, only, etc, denoting “
40、contrast” or a turn in meaning , e.g: This coat is not mine but yours. It never rains but it pours.,1.Early as it was, but a lot of people were waiting to buy new stamps in front of the post office. （correct the mistake） But 错。并列连词不可用于as, though, although引导的从属句中。 2. My name is Robert, _ most of my f
41、riends call me Bob for short. A. then B. instead C. however D. but 选 D, C 是连接副词，在连接分句时，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but 后一般不用逗号。,Exercises,3. I never see her but I want to kiss her. (Translation) 错：我从未但我想 正：我没有一次见到她而不想 I never think of summer but I think of my childhood. I never see the picture but I think of my c
42、ollege years.上列各句中 but 是 but that 的省略式。它引出的从句带有结果含义，主句总是否定，并含有never, too, so, such 等词。换言之，当 主句是否定时，but 作”without”解，译为“一就”,“如果不就不会”,“除外，就不”又如：,4. No man is too old _ he can learn. A. that B. as C. when D. but D.人不管多老，都可以学习。 I am not such a fool but that I understand you. 我不至于蠢到连你都不了解。It never rains b
43、ut it pours. 直译：除了倾盆下外，就总不下雨。/每次下都是倾盆而下。/一下雨就是倾盆大雨。 可译为：不雨则己，一雨倾盆。,5. There is _ would be surprised at the news. A. no man but who B. no man but C. no man D. not any man B. 上句的 but 是关系代词，相当于 thatnot, whonot.在从句中充当主语。这种从句除 but 外不会再有其它主语。又如： Theres no one but knows that. 没有人不知道这件事。 Theres no one of us
44、 but wishes to help you. 我们中没有一个人不愿意帮助你。 There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不敬佩他的才华。 There is no rule but has exceptions. 没有无例外的规则。/凡规则都有例外。,6. It is one of those true sayings that there is no one_errs. A. that B. who C. what D. but 7. There was not a single person there but who thought
45、you were in the right. (改错) 8. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problems _ can be solved. A. that B. as C. but D. which,9. 翻译 He was anything but a hero. / There is anything but easy. 基本用法和意义相同，都强调“某人或某事绝非”，但 1) 后跟名词或代词时可有两种译法：”除外什么都是/行/可以;绝不,根本不，一点儿也不” 。 2)
46、 后跟形容词时则只译 “绝不，根本不”。例： My doctor wont let me drink anything but champagne. 只让我喝“除外，不让” The little bridge is anything but safe. 一点也不安全。 He is anything but polite. 他没有一点礼貌。 He is anything but a fool. 他绝不是傻瓜。,10. It is not “terrible” at all. It is _ “terrible” A, but for B, all but C, nothing but D, an
47、ything but 比较：He is nothing but a fool.他只不过是/仅仅是个傻瓜。 He is all but a fool. But for 引出的介词短语相当一个非真实条件句，谓语词要用虚拟： But for John they would all have died. But for 表例外(除之外)意义与用法近似 except for, 但不及它普通。,1.连接主语 along with, together with, as much as, as well as, and: Ann, as much as her brothers, was to blame.
48、The ocean, as well as the gulf, provides good fishing. The ambassador, and perhaps his wife too, is likely to be present. Catty, and nobody else, is able to do the job. 2.连接主语以外的成份： As well as (并列连词或介词) As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.(介) She is clever as well as beautiful. A as well as
49、 B 侧重点常在A (not only A but also B侧重点在B)。A往往当作新信息加以强调。一般译为 “不仅 B,而且 A; 既 B 又 A; A 和 B一样也; 除 B 外还有 A”: Im a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese friends. (如对调则强调不对),Quasi- coordination 准并列,Notice that a force has direction as well as magnitude. 要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。 Electric energy can be changed into light energy as well as into sound energy. 电能既可变为声能,又可变为光能。 Hoover wanted men who could handle a teacup as well as a Tommy-gun. 胡佛需要既会使用自动步枪又懂社交礼仪的人。跟 and, or 一样,连接的成分要对等： Thomas was a real friend, for he advised me as well as help(ing ) me with my Arabic.？,
