1、welcome! Ladies and gentlemen!,非谓语动词,什么是非谓语动词啊？,“非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词呗!,那不是谓语 是什么呢？,。,英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构 如果出现更多动词： 加连词（and / but / so） 放入从句 变为非谓语动词,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语,过去分词 v-ed,不定式 to + v,动词的v-ing,非谓语动词,非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化,1. 不定式和动名词
2、作主语 规则1：动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作， 而不定式作主语表示具体动作， 如：Smoking(抽烟) is prohibited(禁止)here. 规则2：动名词和不定式的完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生， 如： Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.,规则3：动名词的独立主格结构：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格， 如：Jacks suddenly disappearing(杰克的突然失踪) made them worried.,规则4：不定式及动名词短语作主语时可
3、转换成it作形式主语如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. It is no use/good crying(哭).,不定式和动名词做宾语 规则1：动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格如：Do you mind my/me reading your paper?,规则2：作宾语的动名词和不定式，完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生如：I regretted not having taken(没有采取) her advice.,规则3：介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作
4、宾语 如：admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear(忍受), envy, cant help(不禁), delay, escape, cant stand(受不了), deny, excuse(借口), consider(考虑), fancy, mind, miss(错过), mention, finish, pardon, resist, forgive, imagine, risk, practice, suggest(建议), keep, quit, put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set
5、about, burst out,.,be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago,规则4：动词advise / allow / perm
6、it / forbid后既可跟doing sth.作宾语，又可跟to do(不定式作宾补)如：You would be well advised to stay(stay) indoors. The teacher advised taking(take) a different approach.,规则5：need, require, want, deserve doing 动名词的主动形式表被动意义，相当于to be done如：The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed i
7、mmediately.,规则6：有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别 如：Dont you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow.,常用的还有： (1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 (3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做),(4)
8、regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等) regret doing对做过的事后悔 (5)try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 (6) mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着,(7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情) (8)propose to do 打算(要做某事) proposing doing建议(做某事) (9) like /love/hate/ preferto do 表示具体行为；like /love/hate/
9、 preferdoing sth.表示抽象、倾向概念。,【注意】 如果like/love/hate/prefer这几个动词前有should/ would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词如： I should like to see him tomorrow.,规则7：常见的带不定式作宾语的动词(口诀助记)如下： 想要干want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim，would like/love, desire, swear 早打算plan, prepare, mean, arrange 同意否agree, promise, under
10、take, offer, choose, refuse, afford,问问看 ask(ask to do 要求做), beg 决定了 decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined 尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive, attempt 努力做 care 别装蒜 pretend 【注意】口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有将来意味。,规则8：固定句型 (1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth. 做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处) 如：Th
11、ere is no use crying over spilt milk.(2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in)doing 如： He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.,(3)spend/waste/lose time(in) doing sth. 如：They cant lose time playing computer games as usual. (4)There is no doing sth. (the
12、re is no 表“不可能”) 如： There is no telling what he is going to do.,(5)come/become/grow/gettolike/love/realize/understand/know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了”,(6)do/did/does nothing/anything/everything but (except) 动词原形；如果谓语动词不是do/did/does, but (except)所跟的不定式须带to 如：Last night I did nothing but (watch) T
13、V. The doctor told him nothing but (stop) smoking.,watch,to stop,(7)can not (help/choose) but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do 表示“不得不”如：When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.,(8)“Why not 动词原形” 表达
14、向某人提出建议， 意为：“为什么不？”，“干嘛不？” (9)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形” 意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”,(10)there be的非谓语形式 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being 如：We dont want any comrades lagging behind.I dont mind there (be) a chair here. 作状语多用there being结构 如：The
15、re being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.,there to be,being,3. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语 规则1：不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为 如：What I would suggest is to start work at once.His hobby is collecting stamps.,规则2：表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying,
16、puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词转为分词作表语时，表示客观“令人的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示主观“感到” 如：Travelling is interesting but tiring. The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.,规则3：get, become, look, see
17、m, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟done，表示被动或主语的状态。如：remain seated/hidden， getpaid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt 如：What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.,常用be done介词短语表示所处的状态 如下： be addicted to沉迷于 be absorbed in全神贯注于 be aimed at旨在/意图 be armed with有装备 be buried in埋葬在be ba
18、sed on/upon以 为基础be born出生于 be burdened with担负着be crowded with挤满了,be covered with/by覆盖着 be coated with涂抹了 be combined with与联合 be compared with与相比较 be caught in陷入 be lost in沉迷于 be concerned about关心 be dressed in穿着 be devoted to专心致志于,be engaged in忙于 be engaged to sb.与订婚 be fixed on专注于 be faced with面临着
19、be filled with装满了 be greeted with受到了问候 be grown up 已经长大了 be hidden in躲在 be linked to与有关 be connected with与相连/有关 be made of/from/up of 由制成/由组成,be loaded with载有 be located in/on/at位于 be married(to sb.)与某人结婚了 be matched 很般配 be mistaken 弄错了 be paved with铺着 be divided into分成(几份/几组) be designed/meant/inte
20、nded for专为而设计 be known as/for/to以著称/因著名 be recovered from从中康复,be replaced with更换为 be related to/with与有关 be separated from与隔开 be shouldered with肩负着 be stationed in驻扎在 be seated 坐着 be surrounded with/by四周环绕着 be supposed to do应该做,4. 不定式、动名词和分词作定语 规则1：单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前， 如：Barking dogs seldom bite. 但修饰不定代
21、词时在代词后 如：Do you have anything to send？(是主语you送) Do you have anything to be sent(send)？(不是主语you送，是别人送) 非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后 如：The water polluted by the factory should be to blame.,规则2：不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：to do sth. 表示：与被修饰的名词有 动宾关系 如: Wed better find some work for the children to do.； 名词前有序数词或最高级， 如:He is
22、 the first one to help(help) me with computer. 主谓关系 不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、 权利等抽象名词,名 词 ,to be done 表示将要被做 如：The plan to be made(make) is of vital importance. done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作(having been done不可作定语)， 如：The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.(过去的被动) being done 表示被修饰词正在做 如：The building being
23、 constructed will be used as a library.(现在正在进行的被动) doing sth.表示：正在进行的动作 经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态 即将发生的动作,名 词 ,规则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上) a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中a developed country 发达国家 a developing country 发展中国家,a risen sun 升起的太阳 a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳 a returned student 归
24、国学生 a retired worker 退休工人 an advanced worker 先进工作者 boiled water 开水 boiling water 沸水 a bent branch 弯曲的树枝 determined opposition 强烈的反对 a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵 a wellinformed professor 见多识广的教授,【注意】,1. 不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况：The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. ( or ) The man coming this morning
25、is our legal adviser.( or ),2.不能用doing表达过去动作 Is there anyone who can answer this question? ( or ) Is there anyone answering this question? ( or) 用answering表达can answer的意思是错的Those who have finished their work can go home now. ( or ) Those having finished their work can go home now. ( or )完成式不能作定语,3.
26、drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机；a learned lawyer 博学的律师；a sunken ship 沉船；a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛,5. 不定式和分词作状语 规则1：不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用： to do表示目的或结果(to do in order to do/so as to do 其中so as to do不能放在句首)only
27、to do表示意想不到的结果. 如:He made a long speech, only to show(show) his ignorance of the subject.,(not),to do,doing sth.与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关系)如：When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. being adj./n.常表示原因 being p.p.强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作(“因为正在被”)。 如：Being watched(watch) by the audience, the young sp
28、eaker felt very nervous. done 已经发生的被动动作， 如：Encouraged(encourage) by these successes, they decided to expand the business. having done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系) 如：Not having received(not receive) an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关 系)，如:Having been criticize
29、d by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.,(not),规则2：不定式“to do sth.”作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生 如：I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family. 而分词一般式 “doing sth.”作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生 如：He worked deep into the night, preparing(prepare) a speech for the president.,规则3：so adj./ adv. as
30、to do 或such(a/an) adj.n. as to do 可以转化为sothat 或suchthat 引导的结果状语从句， 如：She is so kind as to help me. She is so kind that she helps me. She is such a kind girl as to help me. She is such a kind girl that she helps me.,【注意】 1. tooto do表示肯定的情况 当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。 如： Im only too pleased to
31、 help you. too ready/apt/anxious/eager/glad/willing(表示心情或情绪)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义，这时too相当于very。 never (not) tooto句型为“不会太所以能”之意。 如：One is never too old to learn.,2. devote, absorb, lose, seat, dress, hide等动词的非谓语形式作状语和定语时，可以用它们的ed形式(devoted, absorbed, lost, seated, dressed, hidden)或ingoneself形式(devotin
32、g/ absorbing/ losing/ seating/ dressing /hiding oneself)。 如:Seating himself/Seated (Sitting) in the room, he is absorbed in reading.,3. 有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系 如： to tell you the truth实话说， needless to say不用说，to be honest/ frank老实说，坦白说， to be more exact更确切地说， to make thi
33、ngs worse更糟的是，say that假设，not to mention更不用说, Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，considering 鉴于/考虑到，judging by/from从来看，依据来判断，supposing /suppose that假定，providing that 假定，according to依据，including包括，owing to 由于，talking/speaking of谈及 given考虑到， provided that如果,4独立主格结构 n./pron.+doing/done/
34、to do/adj./adv./prep. 短语 前后主语不一致时，作状语的非谓语动词需有自己的逻辑主语，此时的“n./pron.doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语”，就是“独立主格结构” 如：It being Sunday, we neednt go to school. Because it is Sunday, we neednt go to school.All the work done, you can have a rest. If all the work is done, you can have a rest.,独立主格结构的特点： 独立主
35、格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 n/pron.与后面的doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语是主谓关系。 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,5. 连词分词(短语) 有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when，while，if，unless，though，after, before, as等。 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致 如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.,6. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语
36、 究竟用何种形式充当宾补，取决于带复合宾语的动词的特征。 do sth.(用于let, make, have以及感官动词后) to do sth.(主动) / to be done(被动) doing sth. (主动，正在进行或持续进行) done (被动，状态或完成) being done(被动，正在进行),常 作 宾 补 的 有,规则1：带宾补的动词like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, advis
37、e, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach,lead等动词宾语to do sth.宾语与to do 为主动关系 如：My father permits me to surf(surf) the Internet at the weekend.,【注意】hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do ()hope sb. to do sth.应改为 wish / expect sb. to do sth. ()welcome sb. to do sth.应改为 sb. be welcome to do st
38、h. ()agree sb. to do sth.应改为 allow/permit sb. to do sth. ()suggest sb. to do sth. 应改为 advise sb. to do sth./ suggest sb. (should) do sth. ()demand sb. to sth.应改为 require sb. to do/ demand sb.(should) do sth.,规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构 如： The children were last seen playing(play) by the river. 感官动词 see, observe，
39、 hear, notice, watch, feel， look at, listen to,do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作) doing(主动，正在进行) done(与宾语是被动关系),宾语,【注意】若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原 如：She saw the old man cross the road. The old man was seen to cross the road.,规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。get / send 宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去 如：Finally I got my car running.。get
40、宾语to dolet/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事” 如：The teacher often gets us to recite texts.get 宾语donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”， 如：Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year. send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”,规则4：make带宾补的结构使役动词make宾语do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原 如： made my little brother cry. My litt
41、le brother was made to cry. I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard(hear) and understood.,规则5：have带宾补的结构 to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做) to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本做) 如:I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought? do意为“让某人做某事” 如:The teacher often has us
42、debate(debate) in class. doing意为“让某人一直做某事” 如：They had the lights burning(burn) while working. done意为“让人做了某事”或遭遇某事 如：Nancy will have her house painted.,have 宾语,规则6：keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动) 如：They went home, leaving much work unfinished(unfinish) 规则7：catch宾语doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动，且
43、正在进行 如：I have once seen the child caught stealing money. .,规则8：find宾语doing(主动，正在进行)/done(被动、状态或完成) 如：I found the little boy lying(lie) under the tree when I passed by. 规则9：want/order/ask/wish/like 宾语(to be)done (宾语与done之间为被动关系) 如：The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hour,with复合结构既可看作介
44、词短语，在句子中作定语；也可看作独立主格结构，常在句中充当状语。它由“with宾语补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为： adv./prep.如：His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand adj.如：With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest. doing(主动，同时)/being done(正在被)，如：With the children following him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park. The students stood in line with the national flag being raised. done(被动或完成)，如：With the work finished, he could go home. to do(与宾语有动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作),with 宾语,
