1、形容词和副词,一、形容词的语法功能 1.作定语 前置定语： a beautiful picturean honest boy 多个形容词作前置定语时的排列顺序： 限定词+数量形容词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体形容词+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+用途+被修饰的名词 the pretty little oldest Chinese stone bridge ten strong black plastic bags,后置定语： 少数以a开头的形容词（absent, alike, alive, available） 及其他形容词(concerned, present) 作定语时后置。 He m
2、ade full use of English reference books available and learned a lot. People concerned will attend the meeting. 由and, or, bothand连接的并列形容词成对使用时。 Everyone, old or young, will take part in the activities.,形容词一般放在被修饰的名词前面作定语，但考生特别要注意形容词放在被修饰词后面的情况： (1)这些形容词，如：alive，afraid，awake，alone，asleep，worth等作定语时，常放
3、于被修饰词的后面。 The baby still asleep might be awake very soon. 仍在睡着的那婴儿可能很快会醒。,(2)形容词在修饰somebody，something，anybody， anything，nobody，nothing等不定代词时，需要后置。 Is there anything wrong，Bob？You look sad. 鲍勃，有什么不对吗？你看上去闷闷不乐的。 Oh，nothing much. In fact，I was just thinking of my friends. 噢，没什么，其实我只是在想念我的朋友。,(3)形容词后面有介
4、词短语时，必须放在名词后面。 He is a student worthy of praise. 他是个值得表扬的学生。 (4)形容词后面有动词不定式时，必须放在名词后面。 Isnt it a problem difficult to solve? 这难道不是一个很难解决的问题吗？,2. 作表语 We are hungry. He looks unhappy. 注意： 有的形容词一般只能作表语。 如表示健康状况的：well, unwell, ill, faint 以a开头的：afraid, alone, asleep, ashamed3. 作宾语补足语 I think the book int
5、eresting. He found the work difficult.,4. 作状语 形容词作状语，表示伴随或结果，并不表达动作的方式。 (2008北京高考)After a long journey，the three of them got back home，hungry and tired. 经过长时间旅行后，他们三人回到了家，又饿又累。 He lay in bed，wide awake.He went to bed, cold and hungry.Funny, he pretends to know what he doesnt know.,副词的种类 1) 时间副词：now，
6、then，today，later，recently 等; 2) 地点副词：here，there，everywhere，away，off 等; 3) 方式副词：well，hard, happily, nervously, carefully 等; 4) 程度副词：almost，much，(a) little，nearly，rather，too 等; 5) 频度副词：always，often，usually，occasionally，sometimes, hardly，seldom，never 等;,6) 疑问副词：when，where，why，how 等，引导特殊疑问句; 7) 连接副词：whe
7、re，when，why，how 等，引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句; 8) 关系副词：when，where，why 等，引导定语从句; 9) 其他副词：seriously，instead，besides 等。,二、副词的语法功能 1.作定语 Almost everyone has a car in America. The building there looks grand. 2. 作表语 Time is up. I thought I was over. 3. 作宾语补足语 I am very happy to see you back. Keep the light on if you
8、 feel afraid.,4. 作状语 Its raining heavily. Its a rather interesting job. This is just what I said. Eventually he arrived in Beijing.,注意：1. 有些副词有两种形式，一种与形容词同形，一种以ly结尾，但它们的含义不同。The station is quite near.He lives near.Its nearly 10 oclock.The cake is hard.We all work hard.I can hardly understand you.,2.
9、 具有两种形式的副词high wide deep closehighly widely deeply closely,副词的位置 副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但enough要放在被修饰词的后面。 Although she did not know Boston well，she made her way easily enough to the post office. 虽然她对波士顿不熟，但她仍然很轻松地到了邮局。,can not/never 与enough或too连用，表示“无论怎样都不 过分；越越好”。 I was riding alone in the stre
10、et and all of a sudden，a car cut in and knocked me down. 我在街上正独自骑行，突然一辆轿车插进来把我撞倒了。 You can never be too careful in the street. 在大街上你再小心也不为过。,三、形容词和副词的比较等级 （一） 原级 as+形容词/ 副词原级+as Tom is as tall as Jack. He speaks English as fluently as you. My computer is not so/ as expensive as yours. 注意：1. almost,
11、exactly, just, quite, nearly, half 等词可用来加强asas结构的语气。 This book is just as interesting as that one.,2. 几种变化形式： as much + 不可数名词 + as There is as much water in this bottle as in that one. as many +可数名词复数 + as Bob has read as many books as Mary. as + 形容词 + 不定冠词 + 可数名词单数 + as German is as difficult a lan
12、guage as Chinese. as + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + as Bread is as important food as rice.,“as形容词(a/an)名词as”表示同级比较，注 意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。 It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science. 一般认为教学如同科学一样是一门艺术。,（二）比较级形容词/ 副词比较级+than John works harder than Mary. This picture is more beautifu
13、l than that one. This book is better than that one.,注意 ：1.形容词、副词比较级的规则和不规则变化。2. much, still, even, far, by far, a lot, a bit, a great deal 等词可置于比较级前,加强语气。 Could you drive a bit more slowly?3.以or结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接to不接than。如superior, inferior, senior, junior 等。 He is 4 years senior to me.,4. 几种特殊结构（1）the
14、 +比较级， the +比较级 “越，越” The higher he climbs, the farther he will see. (climb，see) The more you use English, the more you will want to learn it. (use，want)（2）比较级 +and +比较级 “越来越”Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.My school is becoming more and more beautiful.,（3）主语 + 比较级 + than any (other)Ch
15、ina is larger than any country in Africa.China is larger than any other country in Asia. （4）倍数的表达 倍数 + as + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as This room is three times as large as that one. 倍数 + 形容词/副词比较级+ than This room is twice larger than that one. 倍数 + the size/ length/ weight/ height/ width /+of This room is three
16、 times the size of that one.,（三）最高级 the +形容词/副词最高级 +比较范围 He is the tallest boy in our class. This is the most beautiful city Ive ever visited.,注意： 1. 形容词最高级前要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。 She works hardest in our class. 2. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表示比较，表示“非常”。 He is a most clever policeman. This film is most inter
17、esting.,3. 最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite等词语修饰。 He is by far the most popular singer in our pub. 4. not, never之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用，表示最高含义。 How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice. 5. 有些表示“最高程度”的形容词， 如 excellent, extreme, perfect, favorite 等没有最高级，也不
18、用比较级。,注意比较等级结构的修饰语：修饰原级的词有very，so，too，quite，rather，fairly， pretty，this，that等。 修饰比较级的词有a little，a bit，slightly，any，much，a lot，a great deal，far，by far，rather，even，still，yet等，还有倍数词、基数词、分数、百分数等。 修饰最高级的词有by far，much，almost等。 After two years research，we now have a far better understanding of the disease. 研究两年之后，现在我们对这种疾病有了更好的理解。,比较等级和冠词：一般来说，比较级前不用冠词，形容 词的最高级前要加定冠词，但副词的最高级前通常不用冠词。但是若表示“两者中较的”时或者是“越就越”(the比较级，the比较级)这一句型时，则用定冠词。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make. 你越仔细，犯的错误就越少。 The taller of the two boys is my brother. 那两个男孩中高点儿的是我弟弟。,
