1、1考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记众所周知，考研是人生的一次重新洗牌和重大机遇，而在考研的四门课程中，英语成了许多考生前进征途上的一只凶猛拦路虎和十分困难的羁跘与障碍。详细分析历年考研英语试卷，又可以发现主要矛盾在于阅读（占 60%的分数） ，故可谓：得阅读者得天下。阅读的 60 分细分为 Part A、Part B 和 Part C，其中 Part A 为四篇阅读理解，占 40 分，是阅读理解考试中的主战场。那么，阅读 Part A 有没有什么技巧呢？技巧一：看懂阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“ 理解”，所以，看得懂乃是第一项技巧。任何一篇文章，若要能看懂它，至少需要两个条件：认识单词
2、和看明白句子。单词就像盖房的砖瓦，考研词汇大约为 5500 个，这不是一个小数字，也并非三两天时间可以记住的，所以，考生必须先买一本考研英语词汇书进行系统、长期的学习和记忆。 （推荐考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆 ，该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法，而是采用历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据，将所有大纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从高到低排列，而且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句，可以使学生用最少的时间获得最好的学习效率）. 拿到词汇书之后，首先用大约一周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来，如 rear, tedious, deteriorate, plausibl
3、e, jargon, isotope, , （因为这些单词你可能完全不认识，看到之后两眼漆黑，所以称之为“黑”字）. “黑”字是阅读的头一个障碍，单词不认识，句子当然看不懂，所以，消灭“黑” 字是当务之急。 （争取用一个月左右的时间消灭它们！) 考研词汇中，除“黑” 字外，还有大量意思非常明白的所谓“白”字，如：able, benefit, culture, space, topic, 。此类单词可一掠而过，除“黑” （完全不认识）和 “白” （完全明白）字两类外，还有许多似会不会的“灰”字，如：treaty, tutor, sample, saddle, fuss, 。甚至还有大量你觉得会但
4、其实并非如此的“灰”字，如：spring 除了“春天”之外，还当“泉水” 、 “弹簧”讲;account 除了“帐户”，还作“ 原因 ;理由;解释; 说明;报告; 占”解。 affect 除了“爱，深情” 之外，还有“做作” 之义。背诵单词时，一定要多看词汇书中所给的例句才能牢记其意义。除单词外，有时句子太长也会对阅读造成致命的伤害，如：If you add to this the effects of a sonar set mounted in the small nose of a torpedo rushing through the water at speeds up to 80
5、miles per hour with its consequent noise and vibration, plus hullborne vibrations from the power plant, it can be seen that only the most advanced electronic filtering gives any chance of success.看完此句，很多考生如坠五里雾中，不知所云。其实，看懂长难句有点像撒网捕鱼，收网时应收紧网绳（叫纲） ，渔网自然会合拢。不要去乱抓网眼（那叫目） 。看长难句亦应该做到“纲举目张”，先找句子的骨架（主谓宾） ，再
6、解决修饰成份（定、状等）. 此句 it 后为主句，但 it 不是其真正主语，叫形式主语，真正主语为后边的 that 从句，一般来说，英语的“主谓宾” 也应像汉语那样按顺序放好，主语放谓语前，即：“只有最先进的电子过滤器才有成功的可能这一点可以被看得很明白。“ （形式主语 it 不必译）但英译汉中，应尽量少用被动句型。所以，此句可译为：“可以很清楚地看出：只有最先进的电子过滤器才有可能获得成功”. （形式主语 it 不必译）it 前边不是句子的主要部分，而是一个由 if 所引领的长长的状语从句。 （如果说主谓宾是树干的话，定、状则像树叶，要繁杂和麻烦得多。 ）在整个 if.这样一个句子构成的状语
7、中，if you（主语） add （谓语）the effect to this（双宾语）为基本框架 ;那第二个宾语为何要倒过来呢？因为第一个宾语 effects 后面跟了那么长那么多的定语。 （注意：英语常将2定语写在名词后，这一点与中文大相径庭：中文的定语一律放在名词前）第一个定语为介词词组“of a sonar set “ ，修饰 effects，译为： “一套声纳设施的效果”;第二个定语为“mounted in the small nose“ ，过去分词当定语：“被安装在一个小鼻子上的”;第三个定语“of a torpedo“ : “一个鱼雷的”;第四个定语“rushing.”译为：“
8、以每小时 80 英里速度穿行于水里的”;后边还有一个“with.“ ( “plus.”为两逗号间的插入语) 英文定语在名词后，中文却将定语放在名词 effects 前边。若定语不止一个，常采用倒着翻译的方法，我们称之为“倒解连环”. 故整句意思为：“如果你把带着巨大噪音和震动的、以每小时 80 英里速度穿过水中的一个鱼雷的鼻尖部位上所安装的一套声纳设备的效果也加进去考虑的话，再加上还有由电机部分所造成的外壳的震动，那么，可以清楚地看到：只有最先进的电子过滤器才有可能获得成功。“ 这就是考研英语的实情，怪不得每年的百万考研大军中，过 60 分者寥寥无几，每年也只有18%左右，英语考得好的同学，前
9、途自然也比其他人更为光明。大家切记，英语的句子中， “主谓宾”基本与中文一致，是按顺序摆放的，而定、状语经常倒着放，又长又多，比主、谓、宾要难很多。定、状语放好了，句子才能看明白，想看懂阅读理解中的长难句，语法基本功一定要扎实。技巧二：选题看懂文章之后，还有一个如何选题的问题，所以第二项技巧是选题问题。众所周知，读完文章之后就要对文章后面的问题作出选择：是选 A 呢？还是选 B、C？还是选 D？许多考生说，文章有时看懂了，题就是选不对。其实选题也是大有技巧的，阅读的问题基本上分为五大类：1.主旨题（又称中心思想题）: 这类题基本上是问 main idea, 或 best title 是什么；也
10、可以问作者写此文章的 purpose 何在；或问此文的 conclusion 可总结为什么。碰到这类题最简单的方法是把文中每段的首句串起来考虑。若是仅问其中某一段的中心思想为何，则可将该段的首、尾句加起来考虑。2.词汇题（又称词语释义题）: 这类题常问考生一些不认识、从未见过的一些生词或词组的意思是什么。解题技巧为参考上、下文，尤其是下文。因为下文常常是对该词的解释、说明、举例等等。3.作者态度题：常问作者对某事是什么态度：主观（subjective）还是客观（objective) ;肯定（positive）还是否定（negative) ;赞成（approval）还是反对（opposition
11、 ）等等。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。若用褒义词，显然是赞成。若用贬义词，显然是反对。若客观陈述，则是中性的立场，不偏不倚。注意：作者态度常常在转折词后表明出来。所以，but 一词至关重要（还有类似的 yet, however, although, nevertheless 等）. 4.推理性问题：其典型词有两个：infer 和 imply。如：What can you infer from the story? 或What is the implied meaning of this sentence?切记，推理性问题原文中没有现成的答案。答案是你自己推想出来的，但不能凭空瞎
12、想，必须以原文中某句话或某个词语为依据去合理推测才能找到合适的答案。注意：以上四种题型顶多占阅读理解考试总分的 1/4 左右，而其他约 30 分的题都属于以下提到的：细节性问题！5.细节性问题：（声明：本书中没有指出题型的，大多为细节题）此类题占阅读总分 40 分中的 30 分左右，因此十分重要。注意，这类问题与推理性问题截然相反，都可以从原文中找到答案，只不过为了迷惑考生，常常将原文进行改写，换一种说法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而与原文意思相同的，才是正确的。3除了将文章看懂，把题目选对之外，阅读理解还有两个非常重要的注意事项：速度与步骤。技巧三：速度大家都知道，仅仅把题选
13、对是不够的，因为考试还有时间的限制。 （你就算选对，每篇文章花一个小时那能行吗？！）记住，考试总共 180 分钟，四篇阅读最多占 7080 分钟（即1720 分钟一篇） ，其余时间还要写作文、做翻译、英语知识运用等。那么，对于速度过慢的考生，郭老师有什么建议呢？第一、加大词汇量，这样读起来才会势如破竹，一气呵成。若生词太多，自然会磕磕跘跘，走不了太快。第二、阅读中最忌讳的是一个字一个字地去读，那样又慢又差。正确的方法是用眼去抓句子的大致结构（叫意群阅读法） 。还记得前面那个长难句吗？郭老师并没有孤零零地去看每一个词，而是先找到了 it 后面的主句，前头的 if 句虽然很长，只不过是个状语而已。
14、而在主句中，我又抓住了它的主语 that only the most advanced electronic filtering gives any chance of success 和谓语 can be seen。这种提纲挈领的读法，不仅可以使速度加快，更可以使准确率提高。第三、考研是一场艰苦卓绝的拼搏。考研英语又比四、六级要难，所以保持头脑清醒和旺盛的斗志也至关重要。因此，考试前一天晚上的充足睡眠十分重要，可以在考场上保持敏锐、清醒的头脑，这对提高速度和专注精力大有裨益！技巧四：步骤阅读的步骤也十分重要。许多考生拿到文章之后从头读起，读完再去一个一个选答案。这种方法十分传统，叫整体阅读法
15、。其优点是可以有一种全局感或整体感。缺点是文章太长，读后细节记不住，再去找答案又费劲又容易出错，许多细节都混淆在一起了，得分经常不高。郭老师建议同学们用一下查找阅读法：读完第一段就做第一题。然后看第二个问题问的什么，带着这个问题去看第二段，然后是第三段、第四段，依此类推。 （注意，有一种问题可能此方法不太适用，那就是：主旨性问题） 。查找式阅读法虽然把文章看得支离破碎，但得分往往很高，因为你刚看一段就去做一道题，这样记得住细节，抓得很准，广大考生不妨一试！在开始研究历年真题阅读理解之前，有一件特别重要的事必须提醒广大读者：要使自己的阅读水平真正提高，必须先做题，后看答案和解析。如果顺序倒过来，
16、阅读水平丝毫得不到提高。做题时间为一篇文章 17 至 20 分钟，Part A 四篇文章时间控制在 7080 分钟。下面，以最近考过的 2007 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题中的阅读理解题为开篇，请同学们以这几篇真题阅读文章为练习，在规定的时间内，检测自己的真实水平。无论做的结果如何，都保持一种从零开始的心态，认真研读此书，一定会获益匪浅！2007 考研英语真题阅读理解 TEXT 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you
17、 would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon
18、 to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, 4which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to concei
19、ve children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.“ Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would
20、 have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from
21、7 to 20,“ Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.“ This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exerc
22、ise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes“ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a
23、process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers
24、 in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent i
25、s highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned toAstress the importance of professional training.Bspotlight the soccer superst
26、ars in the World Cup.Cintroduce the topic of what makes expert performance.Dexplain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania“ (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably meansAfun.Bcraze.Chysteria.Dexcitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memoryAdepends on meaningful processing of
27、 information.Bresults from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.Cis determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.Drequires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe thatAtalent is a dominating factor for professional success.Bbiogra
28、phical data provide the key to excellent performance.Cthe role of talent tends to be overlooked.Dhigh achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?5A “Faith will move mountains.“ B “One reaps what one sows.“ C “P
29、ractice makes perfect.“ D “Like father, like son.“ Text 2 For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.“ People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave
30、 her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average
31、 Joe (whose IQ is 100) as. Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
32、Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be t
33、he IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and childrens version) . Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually give
34、n only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronologica
35、l age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J.
36、 Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?“ , Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not nece
37、ssarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions. IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who h
38、as toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. 26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?A Answering philosophical questions.B Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C Telling the d
39、ifferences between certain concepts.D Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from paragraph 3?A People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C The test cont
40、ents and formats for adults and children may be different.6D Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savants because.A the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.B creativity rathe
41、r than analytical skills is emphasized now.C vos Savants case is an extreme one that will not repeat.D the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph thatA test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones ability.B IQ scores and SAT results are high
42、ly correlated.C testing involves a lot of guesswork.D traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the authors attitude towards IQ tests?A Supportive.B Skeptical.C Impartial.D Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play
43、to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transformin
44、g basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Todays families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they h
45、ave lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect“ could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help
46、 families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now tho
47、se in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with re
48、tirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading fr
49、om legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks fa
