1、,Period Thirteen,句法,大纲在语法项目表中规定了要掌握句子的 种类,包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 重点掌握反意疑问句的结构并能运用,特别要注 意反问部分的助动词及代词主格的确定,掌握以 what和how引导的感叹句,弄清感叹句的中心句。 一、句子成分 1. 句子成分的定义组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。 2. 句子成分的分类英语的句子成分有八种:谓语、表语、宾语、定语、补足语、状语和同位语。其中,谓语和宾语是句子的主要成分,其余的均为次要成分。,(1) 主语主语是句子要说明的人或物,是句子的主体,一般放在谓语动词之前。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动词-ing形式来
2、充当。eg: China is great. 中国很伟大。Were in the same class. 我们在同一个班。Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多对你的健康是有害的。 (2) 谓语谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态。它一 般由动词来担任,是句子中最重要的部分。 eg:,I like pop music. 我喜欢流行音乐。He can speak a little English. 他会说一点儿英语。She looks sad. 她看起来很悲伤。 (3) 宾语宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。它由名词、代词或相当于名词的词来
3、担当,一般用在及物动词、及物动词短语或介词后。eg: I have a new watch. 我有一块新手表。He has given up smoking. 他已经戒烟了。Kates teachers like her very much. 剀特的老师们都很喜欢她。,(4) 直接宾语和间接宾语有些动词的后面可以跟双宾语,即:直接宾语和间接宾语,如:give, ask, offer, teach, pass, buy等。eg: I passed her an apple. 我递给了她一个苹果。间接宾语 直接宾语Her sister bought her a new watch. 间接宾语 直接
4、宾语她姐姐给她买了一块新手表。,(5) 宾语补足语宾语补足语是用来说明宾语的特征、状态或身份。 eg: They often call me fat. 他们常常叫我胖子。The news made me happy. 这消息使我很高兴。 (6) 定语定语用来修饰名词或代词,说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等。单个词作定 语一般位于所修饰词之前,短语或从句作定语位于所修饰词之后。eg:,John has a happy family. 约翰有一个幸福的家庭。The girl who is standing at the door is Mary. 站在门口的那个女孩是玛丽。 (7) 状语状语用来修
5、饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;它可以用于句首、句中或句末。eg: He lives happily with his parents. 他和他父母亲幸福地生活在一起。Sometimes they eat it in the park or on the road. 有时他们在公园或在马路上吃快餐。,二、句子种类 1. 陈述句用以陈述事实或观点的句子叫陈述句,它包括 肯定句和否定句。句末通常用句号,读降调。它的语序通常是:主语+谓语+其他。eg: He will show me around his school. 他将带我参观他的学校。I cant tell the truth. 我不能告诉
6、你事实的真相。注there be结构和其他倒装句中,谓语通常放在主语的前面,谓语动词需要与它后面的主语在人称、数上保持一致。eg:,There goes the bell. 铃响了。 There are no apples on the table. 桌上没有苹果。 He went to the park yesterday.昨天他去了公园。 So did I. 我也去了。 He will make a speech for us tomorrow. 他明天将会给我们做演讲。 So he will. 确实如此。 I cant sing English songs. 我不会唱英文歌。 Neith
7、er/Nor can she. 她也不会唱。 2. 疑问句疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子,句末用“?”。它可以分为:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。,(1) 一般疑问句用yes或no回答的疑问句叫一般疑问句,句末用升调。一般疑问句的基本结构是:含有be动词、助动词、情态动词的陈述句变疑问句时,应把be动词、助动词、情态动词放在主语的前面。eg: Are you a student? 你是学生吗?Must I arrive there on time? 我必须按时到达那儿吗?Will your parents go to London for a holiday? 你父母将去伦敦度假
8、?Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗?,如果谓语是行为动词它前面又没有助动词或情态动词时,应借助于助动词do/does/did来构成疑问句。eg: Does he work in Shanghai? 他在上海工作吗?Did they live here? 他们在这儿住过吗? (2) 特殊疑问句用疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能用yes或no,读降调。疑问词包括疑问代词(what, who, which, whose, whom),疑问副词(when, where, why, how)和疑问词组(how many/much, how old,
9、 how tall, how long, how often, how soon, how far)。特殊疑问句的语序有两种:,用陈述句语序。这时,特殊疑问词作主语或主语的修饰语。eg: Who bought you a new bike? 谁给你买了一辆新自行车?Which coat is yours? 哪件上衣是你的? 当疑问词作表语、宾语、状语或作非主语的定语时,应用“疑问词+一般疑问句”。 eg: Where are you from? 你来自哪里?What are you looking for? 你正在找什么?How old are you? 你多大了?,(3) 选择疑问句 提出两
10、种或两种以上的情况,要求对方从中选择一种的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能用yes或no,要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。语调一般是前升后降。它的构成是:一般疑问句+or+被选择的部分? 特殊疑问句+A or B?eg: Will they go by train or by plane? 他们是坐火车还是坐飞机?Which do you like better, oranges or bananas? 你比较喜欢哪个?桔子还是香蕉?,(4) 反意疑问句反意疑问句应由两部分组成,前一部分为陈述句,后一部分为简略的一般疑问句,两部分在肯定与否定方面一般相反
11、,中间用逗号隔开。反意疑问句的前后两部分应在时态、人称和数上保持一致。在使用反意疑问句时应注意:当陈述句的谓语是系动词、助动词、情态动词时,疑问部分要重复这些词。eg: He is a teacher, isnt he? 他是一位老师,不是吗?He has been to Beijing, hasnt he? 他去过北京,不是吗?,They cant swim, can they? 他们不会游泳,是吗? 陈述部分的主语是this, that时,疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的主语是these, those时,疑问部分的主语多用they。eg: This is a pen, isnt it?
12、这是一支钢笔,不是吗?Those arent pears, are they? 那不是梨,是吗? 陈述句如果是there be结构时,疑问部分仍用there。 eg: There is a knife on the desk, isnt there? 桌子上有一把小刀,不是吗?,动词不定式、动词-ing形式及从句作主语时,疑问部分的主语多用it。eg: When to start hasnt been decided, has it? 什么时候出发还没有决定,是吗?What your teacher said is right, isnt it? 你的老师说的是对的,不是吗? 陈述句中若含有否
13、定词或否定意义的词,如:not, no, hardly, never, neither, nothing, nobody等,疑问部分应用肯定形式。eg: He never tell lies, does he? 他从来不说慌,是吗?Nobody believes her, do they? 没有人相信她,是吗?,陈述句的主语是everybody, everyone, anyone, nobody, none, no one时,疑问部分的主语通常用they,也可用he;若陈述句的主语是everything, nothing, anything, something时,疑问部分的主语应用it。eg
14、: Everyone likes her, doesnt he? 大家都很喜欢她,不是吗?Something is wrong with your computer, isnt it? 你的电脑有问题,不是吗? 当陈述句的动词是have (has)时,有以下情况:a. have用在一般现在时中,表示“有”的意思时,疑问部分可用have,也可借助于助动词do。eg:,He hasnt sisters, has he/ does he? 他没有妹妹,是吗? b. have to 表示“不得不,必须”的意思时,疑问部分应借助于助动词do。 eg: They have to stay at home,
15、 dont they? 他们不得不呆在家里,不是吗? c. have 意为“吃、喝、玩、度过”时,疑问部分应借助于助动词do。eg: They had a good time yesterday, didnt they? 他们昨天玩得很高兴,不是吗?,d. had better意为“最好”,它用在陈述句中时,其疑问部分应用had。eg: Youd better not tell her the truth, had you? 你最好别告诉她事实的真相,是吗? 陈述句中含有need时,若need作行为动词,疑问部分应借助于助动词do;若need作情态动词,疑问部分应用need。eg: You n
16、eednt write a letter to her, need you? 你不必给她写信,是吗?You need warm clothes, dont you? 你需要暖和的衣服,不是吗?,以lets开头的祈使句,疑问部分应用shall we,而以let us开头的祈使句,疑问部分应用will you。eg: Lets go home, shall we? 让我们回家吧,好吗?Let us help you, will you? 让我们帮助你,好吗? 肯定的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分表示“请求”时,用will you;表示“邀请”时,用wont you;否定的祈使句,疑问句部分表示“请求
17、”时用will you。eg: Come to school early next time, will you? 下次早点来学校,好吗?(表示请求)Have supper with us, wont you? 和我们一起吃午饭,行吗?(表示邀请),Dont shout at your sister, will you? 不要冲你妹妹喊,好吗?注以I think/believe/expect/fell/guess开头的句子,疑问部分的人称、时态要与从句中的人称、时态保持一致,还要考虑否定的转移。eg: I dont think he is right, is he? 我认为他不对,是吗? 3.
18、 祈使句祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等,谓语动词用原形。句中通常不用主语,句末用感叹号或句号,读降调。,(1) 祈使句的肯定句式有:动词原形+其他成分 Be+表语 Let+宾语+宾语补足语。eg: Listen to me, please! 请听我说!Be quiet! 安静!Let me go with you. 让我跟你一块去吧。 (2) 祈使句的否定式:Dont+动词原形+其他成分 Dont+ be+表语 Dont+ let+宾语+宾语补足语/Let+宾语+not+宾语补足语 No+名词/动词-ing形式。eg: Dont make any noise. 不许出声。Dont be late
19、. 别迟到了。,Dont let him smoke here. /Let him not smoke here. 别让他在这儿吸烟。No smoking. 禁止吸烟。 4. 感叹句感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、气愤等情绪,常有强烈的感情色彩,句尾用感叹号,常用降调。感叹句的句型主要有:(1) What (a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!eg: What an interesting story (it is)! 多么有趣的故事啊!What beautiful flowers (they are)! 多美的花呀!,(2) How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语! eg: How hot (it
20、 is)! 多热的天气呀!How hard she works! 她工作多么勤奋呀! (3) How+形容词+a/an+名词+主语+谓语!eg: How beautiful a present(it is)! 多漂亮的礼物啊! (4) How+主语+谓语!eg: How I miss my country! 我多么想念我的祖国啊!,三、巩固练习 1. You lent me some money a few months ago. ? I dont remember lending you any money.A. Did I B. Did you C. Do I D. Do you 2. M
21、r. Watson wont be here next week, and . A. neither his wife will B. neither his wife wont C. his wife wont neither D. his wife wont either 3. She is a singer, ?A. doesnt she B. hasnt she C. isnt she,A,D,C,4. is it from here to the nearest post office?Its 20 minutes on foot. A. How long B. How soon C
22、. How often D. How far 5. What is your father?He is . A. tall B. in his office C. an engineer D. going swimming 6. Mr. Green went to Shenzhen on business last week, ?A. isnt be B. doesnt he C. didnt he D. hasnt he,D,C,C,7. Hes never been to the United States, ?A. isnt he B. doesnt he C. hasnt he D.
23、has he 8. Lucy, you clean the blackboard today, ?A. do you B. did you C. will you D. can you 9. Sam has made few friends, ?No. He is new here. A. does he B. doesnt he C. has he D. hasnt he,D,C,C,10. Do you remember they came?Yes, I do. They came to give a performance. A. how B. why C. if D. when 11.
24、 Its up to you to decide youll go there, by air or by road. A. how B. why C. that D. when 12. I liked playing with water when I was young and _ A. so he was B. so was he C. so did he D. so the did 13. do you write to your friend?Once a week. A. How many B. How often C. How long D. How far,B,A,C,B,14
25、. lucky you were to see Yao Ming at the airport. A. What B. How C. What a D. How a 15. John, stop! You cant do that. shout at him, you will frighten him. A. Not B. Not to C. Dont D. To not 解析2) 由题意知Mr. Watson下周不在这儿,他 妻子也不在这儿,可以用Neither will his wife或 His wife wont either。 故选D。 7) 本题考查反意疑问句的构成,反意疑问句由两 部分构成,若陈述句是否定的,疑问部分应用肯 定的。由题意可知,陈述句是现在完成时,表否 定含义(因为never是否定词),故选D。,C,B,