1、1安徽省统招专升本英语语法表格示意图一冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ） ，定冠词（the ） ，和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith
2、came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, in a wordII. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物（这种泛指不需掌握） The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you m
3、ind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 在逢十的复数
4、数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s，对比 in the 1960s 和 in his 60s10 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. (按小时计费)11 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.（the 不能换成 my）III. 零冠词的用法：1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限
5、制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 但 the Spring Festival4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名
6、词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.IV 有无冠词的词汇或词组的对比不可数名词的具体化用作可数名词cloth（布料 不可数）与 a table cloth（桌布） ；beer ( 啤酒 )与 a beer（一杯啤酒） ；glass（玻璃）与 a looking glass（镜子）相似词组的对比in charge of / in the charge of; in case of / in the case of;in front of / in th
7、e front of; out of question / out of the question 二、数词I序数词 one two three与基数词 first second third .2II分数 one third 三分之一 / two thirds 三分之二III数词的重要表达1 Tens of millions of 复数名词； thousands of 复数名词；dozens of / scores of 表示许多2 Three dozen eggs 三打鸡蛋； three score students 六十位学生（三个 20） ；3 A ten-year-old boy；a
8、300-word composition；a two-minute drive；two minutes dive4 In the sixties 在六十年代/ in his sixties 在他六十多岁时5 A great number of 复数名词/ the number of 复数名词/ a large amount of 不可数名词三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they1 人称代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them形容词性 my, your, his, her, it
9、s, our, their2 物主代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, ason
10、e/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 7 不定代词other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：不定代词用法 示例one one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。One should learn to think of others.1. some 多用于肯定句2. 也可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。3. some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个， a
11、ny 表示任何一个。4. some 和数词连用表示“大约”I have some questions to ask. Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.There are some 3,000 students in this school.someany1. any 多用于疑问句和否定句2. some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个，
12、any 表示任何一个。3. any 可与比较级连用表示程度。Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.Please correct the mistakes, if any.Do you feel any better today?each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上each 可以单独使用，后面不跟名词Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary.We each have a dictionary.eachevery every
13、强调整体，所指的数是三个或三个以上。every 后接名词，every one 可以后接 of 结构Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points.none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.none nono 等于 not any，作定语。 T
14、here is no water in the bottle.3other 泛指 “另外的，别的 ”常与其他词连用the other+单数名词，特指两者中的另外一个the other+复数名词=the others（表示在一定范围中的其他）other+复数名词=others（没有范围的其他）如：the other day, every other weekHe held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but the others passed the exam.（o
15、ur class 是一个明确的范围）Some like football, while others like basketball.other anotheranother 指“又一个，另一个”无所指 The trousers are too long. Please give me another pair.all botheitherneithernoneall+复数名词，表示三个或以上概念all 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both+复数名词，表示两个either+单数名词，表示两个中的一个neither 表示两个都不none 表示三个或以上都不全部否定用 neither 和
16、none.（表示“都不是” ）（both/all 与 not 搭配表示“不都是” ）All of the books are not written in English. All that glitters is not gold.（发光的不都是金子。 ）Both of us are not teachers. 我们俩不都是教师。Either of the two answers is acceptable.Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。None of us is / are a teacher.我们都不是教师。四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形
17、容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible2 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake3 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long4 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词 数词 性状形容词冠词前的形容
18、词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词 基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度 颜色国籍产地材料质地allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone名词从抽象到具体如：the beautiful small round new red Chinese wood table3) 复合形容词的构成：1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous2 形容词+形容词 da
19、rk-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10数词+名词 twenty-year4II. 副词1副词的分类：1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never2 地点副词 here, nearby, out
20、side, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why2几个副词的用法so /how / too so / how / too + adj. /adv.It is so hot a day.
21、/ How hot the weather is! / It is too difficult a question. what/ such what /such +(adj.) noun It is such a hot day. / It is such hot weather. / What a hot day it is!enough enough + nounadj./adv. enough to doI have enough money to buy a house.He is old enough to join the army. however 表“但是” ，用逗号隔开注意
22、与 while 的区别Some people agree. However, others disagree. = Some people agree while others disagree.almost not 与 not nearly high 可测量的高度highly 抽象的高度too 肯定句中的“也”either 否定句中的“也”III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most。1 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如
23、：I am not so good a player as you are.2 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more （主谓）the more（主谓） ”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5表示倍数的比较级有如下几种
24、句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours. / Our school is four times the size of yours. 6 以 or 结尾的形容词，本身含有比较的含义，所以不能用-er 或 more / less 构成比较级，其后加 to.如 be superior / inferior / junior /senior / major / minor / prior / posterior to 7特殊结构 not so much A a
25、s B（不是 A，而是 B） ；no more than 仅仅；as well as / as soon as / as (so) long as / as far aswould rather do rather do（宁愿而不愿意） ；rather than 而不是/ other than 除了；cannot (never) too 越越好五介词I. 介词分类：1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out
26、 of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词concerning（关于） , given（鉴于）5II. 常用介词区别：1 表示时间的 in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关2 表示时间的
27、since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from 指从时间的某一点开始3 表示时间的 in, after in 指在一段时间之后，after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4 表示地理位置的 in, on, to in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻， to 指在某环境范围之外5 表示“在上”的 on, in on 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分6 表示“穿过”的 through, across through 表示从内部通过，与 in 有关，across 表示在表面上通过，与 on有关7 表示“关于”的 about, o
28、n about 指涉及到，on 指专门论述8 between 与 among 的区别 between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间9 besides 与 except 的区别 besides 指“除了，包括在内” ，except 指“除了，不包括在内 ”，beside在旁边10 表示“用”的 in, withwith 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11 as 与 like 的区别 as 意为“作为，以地位或身份 ”，like 为“象一样” ，指情形相似12 in 与 into 区别 in 通常表示位置（静态） ，into 表示动向，不
29、表示目的地或位置III重要的介词1. 介词的意思across（穿过；在对面） ；against（反对、在.衬托下、靠着） ；beyond（超出） ；等result in 导致/ result from 由 导致；be famous for / as / to；be familiar to / with；be different from / in；be similar to / in；in the morning / on Tuesday morning；what for；prevent/ stop / keep sb from doing ；protect sb from doing；等等2
30、. 介词的搭配 On seeing the picture, he burst into tears. / At the sight of the picture, he burst into tears.He will be back in five days. / After five days, he received a reward from the government. it is important / necessary / easy / difficult / convenient for sb to do ；it is kind / considerate / thoug
31、htful（表示人性格的词汇） of sb to do （= sb is kind / considerate / thoughtful to do sth.）六名词（数、格、主谓一致）I. 名词的种类：专有名词 普通名词可数名词 不可数名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es 。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则 例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后
32、加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-storie
33、s, city-cities5 以音辅字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以y 结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volc
34、anos7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则 例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, spec
35、ies 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces
36、(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力 ), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese7表示“某国人” 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变
37、为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, drawbacks, go-betweens 8合成名词 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants, women doctorsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s the boys f
38、ather, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 复数名词不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and
39、Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles call at the dentists 与 call on the dentist 合成词最后加s anyone elses, who elses, father-in-laws, 2. s 所有格的用法： 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branch
40、es73 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措
41、)3. of 所有格的用法：1 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book2 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students3 双重所有格：a friend of mine, a portrait of Mr. Browns 和 a portrait of Mr. BrownIV 主谓一致 （语法一致；意义一致；就近原则）A 为单数名词 A man is crossing the street.A 为复数名词（the adj.表示人，复数；物，为单数）Thr
42、ee men are crossing the street. /The old are A 为不可数名词 Water is essential to us.以 people, cattle, police 为代表，复数概念Chinese people are very modest.以 family, crew, government, class, team 为代表，强调整体为单数，强调成员为复数My family is a big family.My family are now watching TV at home.A 是集体名词以 information, equipment, f
43、urniture, news, advice, machinery 等为代表，不可数名词Much information is contained in the book.但 Three pieces of information are provided by him.表示学科，是单数，如 physics, economicsStatistics is a branch of maths.统计学是数学分支。Statistics show that the population is on the rise.统计数据（是复数，不是学科概念）组织机构等的名称，如 the United Natio
44、nsThe Beijing Olympic Games is wonderful.度量衡概念，强调整体概念是单数，而强调个体概念是复数300 words is a requirement for this composition.300 words have been taught recently.A 是-s结尾的词以 shoes, trousers, scissors 为代表These shoes are made in Hefei.This pair of shoes was made in Hefei.These two pairs of shoes were made in Hefe
45、i.Many a / more than one+ A+谓语单数 Many a student is diligent. (许多学生很勤奋。)One of / Each of A（复数名词） +谓语单数One of them is from Hefei.The rest of /Most of A+谓语（取决于A）Most of the earth is covered with water. The number of A + 谓语单数A number of A +谓语复数The number of college students is on the rise.A number of co
46、llege students are studying hard.A做主语A 前面有修饰成分None/ neither of +复数名词+ 谓语（单复数皆可）Neither of them like/ likes music. A and B 通常表示复数概念，谓语用复数形式 He and I are going there.A and B 表示整体概念谓语用单数 Bread and butter is his favorite food.A and BEach/every A and each/every B 谓语用单数 Each boy and each girl has a dictio
47、nary. 8A with Bwith 可以替换为 as well as, together with, along with, in addition to, but, except 等介词短语，或followed by, surrounded by 或定语从句，谓语取决于 A.The teacher as well as the students is coming.The teacher, followed by the students, is coming.The teacher who is surrounded by the students is going to give u
48、s a lecture. A or B or 可以替换为 either or / neither nor/ not onlybut also 谓语动词采取就近原则Neither the students nor the teacher knows it.Has he or you taken my pen?主语从句、to do、doing 作主语，谓语一般用单数To go to bed early is a good habit.To go to bed early and to get up early is a good habit.What 主语从句，谓语取决于表语的单复数情况 What
49、 he needs is a radio. / What he needs are books.定语从句 He is one of the students who are absent today.He is the (only) one of the students who is absent.倒装句（包括 there be） ，谓语取决于就近原则 In the corner stands a chair and two benches.特殊句式强调句 It is I that/who am going there. 七动词I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种，以 ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will b
