1、Grammar & Composition,Unit One-Unit Three,Unit One Unit Three Composition,Opening SpeechOpening Speech is a formal speech being addressed at the beginning of various ceremonies, rituals and conferences. It mainly covers the following aspects: 1.Addressing the guests present; 2.Extending welcome to t
2、he guests; 3.Illustrating the significance of the current occasions; 4.Expressing good wishes.,1.You have obtained the floor to speak here. 2.Id like to give the floor to the guest. 3.Mr. Johnson is given the first floor to speak. 4.Its an honor for me to call the symposium to order. 5.Id like to ex
3、tend my sincere welcome to you all for attending this annual meeting. 6. The meeting will be open for comments and discussion from all of you.,Sample,Opening speech at an Annual Meeting Ladies and gentlemen,I want to welcome you all here for the fourth annual meeting of our Asian sales staff. I know
4、 you are all busy, so I appreciate your making time out of your schedules to attend todays meeting.There are 16 participants here today. First, Mr. Stone Lee, our sales manager, will make a few remarks. He will speak about the sales projections for the coming year and the problems that some of us ha
5、ve had in the past year. After Mr. Lees remarks, the meeting will be open for comments and discussion from the rest of you.After the meeting, we will adjourn to the Rose Room of this hotel for a buffet dinner.Now shall we begin?,Unit 2: Closing Speech,Closing Speech is a formal speech being addresse
6、d at the close of various ceremonies, rituals and conferences. It mainly covers the following aspects: 1.Addressing the party present; 2.Reviewing the accomplishment achieved; 3.Appreciating the efforts of the guests and the party involved; 4.Announcing the end of the ceremonies or activities; 5.Sho
7、wing good wishes,Useful Patterns,1.I would like to declare the conference closed now. 2.I have to say the conference is coming to a close. 3.All present here felt free to express their ideas and exchanging various opinions. 4.Your innovative participation made this convention a real success. 5. Im d
8、eeply impressed by your enlightening opinions. 6. Im sure that we shall not forget this convention for the rest of our life. 7. Further, I offer my sincere wish for your continued health and prosperity.,Sample,Ladies and Gentlemen:I am now, on behalf of the organizing committee, to give the closing
9、speech. I believe that our conference is a great success. It went smoothly as scheduled. In these 3 days the conference has covered so many important and complex problems in the field of FLS both theoretical and practical. All the presentations were very illuminating and informative. It is our hope
10、that the result of the conference will carry the study of FLS to a new stage. We all hope to maintain close contact and cooperation with each other in the field of future research work on FLS. Please allow me to express our sincere thinks to the all the members of the Organizing Committee of the con
11、ference and the authorities of Nanjing for all their support and contributions to this successful conference. Now the conference is closed. Our next conference will be held in Beijing. I am looking forward to meeting you again!Thank you!,Unit 3: Toast,Toast is a formal speech addressed by the host t
12、o propose an act of drinking esp. wine in a ceremonial way in order to show respect or admiration for someone or to express good wishes for someone. It mainly covers the following elements: 1. Addressing the party; 2.Extending welcome or expressing thanks; 3.Comments on the existing relations betwee
13、n the host and the guest; 4.Emphasizing the significance of the current visit or function; 5.Showing good wishes; 6.Making toast.,Useful Patterns,1. 短语式祝酒词 To your health!(Good health!) Bottoms up! Cheers!(Cheerio!) (Heres) our victory! To Mr. Li! All the best! 2. 习语性单句式祝酒词 Down the hatch! Heres mud
14、 in your eye! Heres skin off your nose! Heres looking at you!,3. 用drink 和toast组成的单句式祝酒词 Ill drink to your good health. Ill drink to very good health for you. Lets drink to his success. Lets drink a toast to our friendly co-operation. Ill give toast to all the here. I propose a toast to the friendshi
15、p between our two countries. Ill toast the bride. Lets toast ever-lasting peace.,Sample,Mr. Vice President,Our American friends,My colleagues,Ladies and Gentlemen,On behalf of all the members of our mission, I would like to express our sincere thanks to you for inviting us to such an marvelous Chris
16、tmas party.We really enjoyed the delicious food and excellent wine. Also, the music was perfect. I enjoyed meeting and talking to you, and sharing the time together. As we say, well begin is half done. I hope we will be able to maintain this good relationship and make next year another great one tog
17、ether.Thank you again for the wonderful part, we had a great time.In closing, I would like to invite you to join me in a toast.To the health of Mr. Vice President,To the health of our American friends,To the health of My colleagues, andTo all the ladies and gentlemen present hereCheers!,Unit One: Pa
18、st Perfect Tense,1 过去完成时的用法 过去完成时由“had+过去分词” 构成，过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。 例如： By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. 2 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如： Before he slept, he
19、 had worked for 12 hours.,表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。跟现在完成时一样，也常与 how long, for three days, before 等表示一段时间的状语连用。如：When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时，他才了解到玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。,表示未曾实现的希望或打算。表示希望或打算的动词，如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的过去完成时，后
20、接不定式to do时，表示未曾实现的希望或打算，即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做) ”。如：I had hoped to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so. 我本来希望寄给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了寄了。I had intended to come over to see you last night，but someone called and I couldnt get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的，但有人来了我走不开。,用于下列4个特殊句型中：1. hardlywhen, no soonerthan2. It/ That /
21、This was the first time that3. It was+时间段+since4. than sb. had thought /expected /hoped /wanted等。,Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我刚开开门，他就告诉了我。He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。It was the second time he had been out with her. 这是他第二次和她一道出去。It was more than a
22、 year now since he had seen her. 他上次见她以来已经一年多了。We arrived earlier than we had expected. 我们到得比预料的早。,Unit Two: Future Perfect Tense,将来完成时的用法 : 将来完成时的基本用法表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作，由“will shall+have+过去分词”构成。如：When we get there, shell have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已上班去了。 On Monday hell have been in Britain
23、for three years. 到星期一，他在英国就满三年了。,表示推测，相当于“must have done“结构。 You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息。,现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的区别,现在完成时以现在时间为参照点，表示在“现在”以前完成的动作或持续到“现在”的状态过去完成时则以过去时间为参照点，表示在“过去”某一时间以前发生的动作或持续到“某一时间以前发生的动作或持续到“过去“某一时间的状态将来完成
24、时则以将来时间为参照点，表示在“将来”某一时间为止已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某一时间的状态,如： He has finished writing his novel. 他已写完了他的小说。 He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年底他就写完他的小说。 He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。,与一般现在时代替一般将来时一样，在表示时间或者条件的状语从句，通常要用现在完成时来表示将来完成时
25、，而不能直接使用将来完成时。如：I will go with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成工作之后我就同你去。若不强调动作的完成(且不致于引起歧义)，有时也可用一般现在时。如： I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成工作后就同你去。,Unit Three: Passive Infinitive,不定式被动式的用法不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式，往往取决于句子的意思，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式： Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这
26、么快就做吗? She cant bear to be laughed at. 她受不了被人嘲笑。 There was business to be taken care of. 有生意要人管理。 It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确，以后见分晓。 There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of. 有大量垃圾需要扔掉。,不定式结构中的主动形式表示被动意义,1. 不定式作表语形容词的状语,不定式和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式表示被动意义。常见句型有:主语+be+adj.+
27、to do。例如:The question is very difficult to answer.The picture is unpleasant to look at.The man is hard to work with.主语+be+too+adj.+to do。例如:The books seemed too heavy to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.,主语+be+adj.+enough+to do。例如:The box is light enough to carry.The book is cheap enough to buy
28、.但下列两句可用不定式的主动式,也可用不定式的被动式。例如:This plant is fit to eat / to be eaten.The cake is ready to eat / to be eaten.,2. 在某些固定句型中,动词不定式作定语,用主动形式表示被动意义。have (give, show, etc.) sth. to do在这个句型中,have作“具有“讲,用作定语的动词不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,作定语用的不定式须用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:I have a lot of things to do.句中
29、的“to do“既与things构成动宾关系,又与句子主语“I“构成主谓关系。否则,在表示被动意义时,仍需要用不定式的被动语态表示。例如:-Do you have anything more to be typed, sir?-No. You can have a rest or do something else.很显然,此句中的不定式与句子的主语并不构成主谓关系,因此应用被动形式表示被动意义。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词或虽然是及物动词但又不能与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系,则必须加上相应的介词或副词以构成动宾关系。例如:We dont have enough paper to write
30、 on.,It (This / That)+be+a / an+adj.+n.+to do在这个句型中,不定式与其前面的名词有动宾关系。此时,动词不定式可改为不定式的复合结构。例如:This is a difficult question to answer. question与answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为for me to answer。又如:It is an easy sentence to translate.There+be+n.+to do在这个句型中,用来修饰主语的不定式,可用主动式,也可用被动式,只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动式作定语,重点在
31、物。例如:There is no time to lose/to be lost.用to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁lose time不明确。,3. 某些动词,如to let(出租),to blame, to seek 等常用主动式表示被动意义。例如:The mother didnt know who to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.blame是及物动词,who表示人,作宾语。其句意为:妈妈不知道对她碰巧外出时玻璃杯被打破这件事该责备谁。The reason is no far to seek.这理由不难找到。The house is to let. 房子要出租。,
