1、名词性从句,一.相关概念,1.名词：表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。 2.名词的句法作用：名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。另外还可以作定语、状语。 3.名词性从句：在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主 语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当，这个句子就叫名词性从句。 4.名词性从句的种类：根据名词性从句在句子中所充当的不同成分， 名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,二.主语从句,1.主语从句的连接词,1).连接词: that(无意义，无成分，不可省) , whether（是否)(1)._ he will win is certain. (2)._ wel
2、l win is of great importance.(3)._ he failed the exam made me sad.(4)._ he will pass the exam worries his teacher.,That,Whether,That,Whether,2).连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever,whatever, whichever,(1).It is still a mystery_ murdered the film star. (2)._ bag it is can not be told. (3)._on
3、e hasnt is always better than _he has. (4).It is not yet decided _ of us will representus to attend the meeting. (5)._ he said was right. (6)._ goes there must get ready by 6 oclock.,who,Whose,What,what,which,What,Whoever,主语从句和定语从句中某些引导词的区别：,Who Who will win the match is still a mystery. The one who
4、 will win the match will enter the final.,Which Which of the films is better received remains to be seen. This is one of the films which are nominated.,Whoever/What 均是定从中没有的引导词,谁,那个人,哪一个,指代影片,Whoever will win the match will enter the final. 无论谁 What you said is right. 指代说的话,3).连接副词: when, where, why
5、, how, how many, how much, how long, how soon, how often,例:(1)._well start tomorrow will be told soon.(2)._we can park our car always worries us.(3)._ he didnt come is not known.(4)._ we can deal with the problem needs to be discussed.(5)._ people fell victim to the earthquake has been reported.(6).
6、_ hell go to see his grandmother depends on the time he can spare.(7). _ it will take you to get theredepends on the way you go there.,When,Where,Why,How,How many,How often,How long,2.为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.,eg. It is certain that his dream will come true one day as long as he pers
7、everes to the end. 这里的certain 不能换成sure,用it 作形式主语的结构,(1) It is 名词 从句It is a pity/a shame that 可惜的是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is no wonder that 难怪 (2) It is 形容词 从句It is natural/true/obvious that 自然/确实/显然It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) It 不及物动词 从句It seems that/as if 似乎It appears that/as if 似乎 It so happene
8、d that 如此碰巧It doesnt matter that/whether 没关系 It turns out that 结果 (4) It is 过去分词 从句It is reported that 据报道It is known to all that 众所周知 It is said that 据说 It is suggested that 有人建议,3.注意点,1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.例: 正: When he will come is not known.误: When will he come is not known.,2).连接词that在从句中无
9、实际意义,但不能省略.例: 正: That he will not come to the meeting this evening is true.误: He will not come to the meeting this evening is true.,3).whether可以引导主语从句,但 if 不能.,4).whoever, whatever, whichever等词可以引导主语从句, 但no matter who, no matter what 等不能.,eg. Whether it will rain tomorrow is not known yet.,eg. Whoev
10、er laughs last laughs best.,5)主语为一个从句时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句作主语，代表复数概念（常可从表语上看出）时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。主语为两个或多个从句时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。,eg. What we need is your help What we need are useful books.What you say and what you do dont agree with each other.,6) 有些情况下，主语从句不位于句首,主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况：,（1）It is said /reported结
11、构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （2）It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. That he failed in the examination occurred to him.,（3）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时
12、，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? Is that it will rain in the evening likely?,注意主语从句感叹句式,How strange it is that he should take offense at my words! What a pity it is that he should fail in the exam!,从句中有感叹含义,How much you want it doesnt matter to me. What a big house you hav
13、e doesnt matter to me.,Exercises:,(1) _ is certain. 他回来的 (2) _ hasnt been decided yet.什么时候开会 (3) _was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room 让我最惊讶的是 (4) _is a matter of public concern.哪个队会赢 (5) _is not known yet.她到哪儿去了 (6) It is a surprise _他们竟然输了比赛。 (7) 重要的是我
14、们要学好英语。,That he will come,When the meeting will be held,What surprised me most,Which team will win the match,Where she has gone,It is important that we should learn English well.,that they should lose the game.,三.宾语从句,1.宾语从句的引导词: 1)连接词：that, whether, if 2)连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, whichwhoever,
15、whomever, whatever,whichever 3)连接副词：where, when, how, why 等 以上引导词与主语从句引导词基本相似，只是在动词后的宾语从句中意为“是否”, 还可以用“if”. ”,1) 作动词的宾语(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),I heard that he joined the army.She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(2) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that
16、she would accept my invitation.,2) 作介词的宾语，Our success depends upon how well we can cooperatewith one another.,2. 宾语从句的种类：,3) 作形容词的宾语I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, determined, glad, proud, sorry, thankful, content, surprised, worri
17、ed, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, satisfied, convinced等。 也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。,4) it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 We think it important that we should learn English well.,3.注意点,1).宾语从句一律用陈述句的语序. 2).引导宾语从句的连词that也无实际意义,多数情况下可以省略. 3).whether和if都可以引导宾
18、语从句 但: (1).当whether后紧跟or not时,不用if. 例: I dont know whether I will stay or not.(2).介词后面的宾语从句不能用if. 例: I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.,4).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留(1).在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补(adj./n.) +that从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略. 例: We must make it clear that we mean what we say. 我们必须说明我们是当真的(2).由连词and连接的两个由that引导
19、的宾语从句中,that 不省略. 例: He told me (that) he would come and that he would come on time.(3). 紧跟在介词后，以that 引导宾语从句 例：I know nothing about him except that he is fromBeijing.He is different from his twin brother in that he isa little taller.,5) 关于that 和whether,I doubt _ he treats me as his best friend.I dont
20、 doubt _ he treats me as his best friend.I wonder _ you understand.I dont wonder _ you cheated me.I asked him _ he went there.I ask _ he go there.,whether,that,whether,that,whether,that,6) 否定的转移,若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，
21、从句谓语用肯定式。I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。,7) 宾语从句的反意疑问句,I think that it is going to rain this afternoon, isnt it? He thinks that it is going to rain this afternoon, doesnt he? I dont think that it is going to rain this afternoon, He doesnt think that it is going to rain this afte
22、rnoon,is it?,does he?,8) 比较双重疑问结构,Who do you think will be our monitor? What do you suggest we (should) do to improve spoken English? Where do you suppose he has gone? What do you imagine man will look like in millions of years? Do you know where he has gone?,以it为形式宾语的其他句式：,I find it necessary that
23、I feel it my honour that The school makes it a rule that I take it for granted that See to it that You can depend on it that,Exercises,I really dont know_ he is doing. Do you know _ they are waiting for? He asked_ dictionary it was. He cant tell _ method they will use for the experiment. Pay attenti
24、on _ _ the teacher said. I am curious _ _ he got the news. You must make _ clear _ you are for the plan.,what,who(m),whose,which,to what,about where,it,that,9) 时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。 当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等 当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如： The teacher told us that
25、 Tom had left us for America The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.,四.表语从句,1.表语从句的引导词: 基本上与主语从句的引导词相同.连词除了that, whether(不用if)外,还可以用because.在连系动词seem,look之后还可用as though (as if ).例: (1).That is how I solve the math problem. (2).The question was when the butcher was likely to come back
26、from the town.(3). He is ill. Thats why he is absent today. (4).Your bike is where it was this morning.(5).He looks as if he was very angry.,2.注意点,1). 表语从句一律用陈述句的语序.2).表语从句的引导词that无实际意义,但不能省略.3).表语从句只能用whether,而不能用if 引导.4). 表语从句中连接副词where 有时无疑问概念，可译成的地方。,5).不要使用 The reason is because 句型, 应使用 The rea
27、son is that 或 This / it /that/ is because等句型.,正: The reason why he was late this morning is that there was a lot of traffic on the road.,或:He was late this morning. That was because there was a lot of traffic on the road.,例如: 今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多.The reason why he was late this morning was because th
28、ere was a lot of traffic on the road.,It seems _.看起来要下雨了。 The reason why he didnt come is _. 他病了。 =It is _. That is_. 他昨天旷课的原因。 You are saying that everyone should beequal, and this is _. 这就是我不同意的地方。,as if it is going to rain,that he was ill,because he was ill,why he was absent from school yesterday
29、.,where I disagree.,Exercises:,五.同位语从句,1. 同位语从句的引导词与前三种名词性从句相似。 The thought that I would go back soon excited me.I have no idea what will happen next.There is some doubt whether he is innocent.,2. 以that引导的同位语从句和定语从句都用来修饰某个名词；但区别是：（1）同位语从句所修饰名词多为抽象名词， 如：idea, fact, news, word（消息）,belief, thought, dou
30、bt, proof, message, information, story, truth, theory, conclusion, suggestion, advice, proposal, order, command, demand 等,例：The story that the prince saved the princess moved the kids a lot.,然而定语从句所修饰名词既可是抽象名词，又可以是具体名词,例：The story （that） he told me is true.The book （that) I read was quite moving.,(2
31、) 在定语从句中that作从句中的某一成分，并且 指代先行词；而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。,例: 1). I had no idea that it was so late. (主系表结构,that不作从句中的成分, 因此为同位语从句)2).I still remember the place that we visited last year.(主谓宾结构,that作从句中的宾语, 因此为定语从句),(3) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明，说
32、明其具体内容。,例: 1).The news that he told me is that Tom would goabroad next year.2).The news that Tom would go abroad was told by him.,The news _ we won the competition is very encouraging. I have no idea _ has happened to him. There is some doubt _ he will come. There arose the question _ we could get t
33、he money. There is no possibility _ everyone can spend Thanksgiving with their family, I think.,that,what,whether,where,that,Exercises:,名词性从句热点问题,一、连接词：,1. -ever,连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可引导名词性从句，相当于anyone who, anything that等。他们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter who/ what/ which。 Whoever breaks the law s
34、hould be punished. = Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.,Ill show you anything you want to see. Ill show you _ you want to see. You may choose anyone who you like. You may choose _ you like. No matter who he is , he must obey the law. _
35、he is , he must obey the law.,whatever,whoever,Whoever,Exercises:,that/what/which,that和 what都可以引导名词性从句。 但that是连接词，本身无词义，仅起连接作用，在从句中无任何成份；除动宾从句中的that 可省之外其余名词性从句中的that 均不可省。 what是连接代词，不仅引导名词性从句，而且在从句中充当一定的成份，如主语、宾语或表语。在从句中的意义除了译成“什么”外，还可用来指代语境中的人，物，或地点。 注意：定语从句中用that 作为关系代词，指代从句所修饰的先行词，既可指人又可指物。然而，wh
36、at 不能担任定语从句的引导词。,which 既能引导名词性从句又能引导定语从句。 但是，在定语从句中担任关系代词的which 用来指代定语从句所修饰的先行词“物”或“地点”，无疑问含义; 在名词性从句中的which 有疑问含义，意为：“哪个”，既可指物，又可指人。,that/which/what,I like everything _ she likes. I like _ she likes. Shanghai is not the city _ it was. Shanghai is not _ it was. He is not _ he was. The question is _
37、of you tells the truth. I dont know _ of the two colleges he is from. I was born in the hospital _ was the best in the town. I was born in _was the best hospital in the town. _ he said made us angry. _he said so made us angry.,that,what,that,what,what,which,which/that,what,which,What,That,12) After
38、Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. 13) A story goes _ Elizabeth I of England likednothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. 14) I think Father would like to know _ Ive been up to so far, so I decided to send him a quick note. 15) The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. .16) _ she isnt good at English is none of mybusiness. 17) _ he was admitted to Beijing University made allhis family very happy.,what,that,what,what,That,That,
