1、第 5 讲：限定词（一）,限定词包括：冠词；物主限定词；指示限定词；关系限定词whose, which；疑问限定词what, which, whose；不定限定词no, any, some, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another；基数词、序数词；倍数词、分数词；量词a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a greatgood deal of, a largesmall amountquan
2、tity of, a greatlaregegood number of,一、数量限定词（表示名词的数量）,1、数量限定词英文中的数量词常用的有： 只与可数名词连用 只接单数的：one, each, every 只接复数的：two, three, etc., both, a couple of, a few, few, several, man, a number of 只与不可数名词连用：a little, little, much, a great deal of, a large number of 与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用均可：not any, some, a lot of, l
3、ots of, plenty of, most, all,2、数量词与of连用,在上述数量词中，有些还可以接of短语连用，具体用法如下： all, most, some, any of特指限定词复数可数或不可数名词。比较： Most books are interesting. Most of books are interesting. Most of mythesetheJohns books are interesting.,many, a few, few, several, both, two, three of特指限定词复数可数名词。比较： Many students are go
4、od at English. Many of students are good at English. Many of these students are good at English. much, a little, little of特指限定词不可数名词。比较： Much water is wasted. Much of water is wasted. Much of the water is wasted. 注：以上 这些“特指限定词”包括：this, that, these, those; my, their, Johns等名词所有格；the,其他数量词如a lot of, l
5、ots of, a couple of, plenty of, a number of, a great deal of一般直接与名词连用。,特别关注：all（三个或以上都） both（两个都）的用法，研究下列句子： All students are smart. 所有的学生都很聪明。 All of my students are smart. All my students are smart. All of students are smart. both和all的用法类似。但其他数量词不能像all 第三种句子这样用。,3、数量词a few, few, a little, little,
6、与名词搭配 a few, few后面只能接可数名词复数；而a little, little后面只能接不可数名词 肯定、否定之别 A few, a little意思是肯定的，相当于some，表示“有一些”。而few, little意思是否定的，表示“很少，几乎没有”。例如： His theory is rather difficult; few people understand it.almost no people inderstand it. His theory is rather difficult, but a few people understand it. I have lit
7、tle interest in English, so I am very poor at it. I have a little interest in English, so I like learning it., 与only或very搭配 我们只能说：only a little, only a few；而不能说：only little, only few。但为了强调否定意义，我们可说：very few, very little。例如： His theory is rather difficult and students can understand it. A. only few B
8、. only a few C. only little D. only a little,4、数量词some, any, 从与名词搭配来看，some和any均可以与不可数名词和可数名词复数连用，表示“一些”。some一般用在肯定句中；而any一般用在否定句中。例如： Clint is busy. He always has some work to do. But John is lazy. He never does any work. Last night I was very hungry and I wanted some food to eat. But now I am not h
9、ungry and I dont want any food to eat. I need some medicine to cure my cough. I want to buy some computer books. I dont have any friend here., 在疑问句中，我们多数情况用any，但是在表示我们期待一个正面回答或要鼓励对方说“是”时，要用some在疑问句中。例如： Have you got any medicine to cure your cough? Would you like to give me some advice? Can I have s
10、ome more wine? any可以表示“无论哪一个，任何一个”，此时可用于任何类型的句子。例如： You can catch any bus. They all go to the railway station.,二、冠词,1、不定冠词a, an的位置 不定冠词a用在以辅音音素（并非辅音字母）开头的名词前；不定冠词an用在以元音音素开头的名词前。例如： An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Old Hen: Let me give you a piece of good advice.Young Hen: What is it?Old Hen: A
11、n egg a day keeps the ax away. Telling lies is a fault in a boy, an art in a lover, an accomplishment in a bachelor, and second-nature in a married man. An还用在发音以元音开头的单个字母前面。例如：an SOS sign An L letter is in the word “letter”.,2、名词与冠词使用的重要技巧 从名词角度来看，对于名词与冠词的使用，以下几条是核心： 单数可数名词：单数可数名词不能单独使用，必须与冠词或其它限定词连
12、用。 复数名词和不可数名词：对于复数名词和不可数名词，以下两点必须掌握： 1）不能与不定冠词a(n)连用。 2）复数名词或不可数名词在表示泛指时，不可用the。复数名词或不可数名词在表示特指时，要用the。,例如： Life is hard sometimes. Life is education in itself. The writer is writing a book about the life of blacks in America. I love music, poetry and art. I dont like the film, but I like the music
13、(of the film). Air is a colorless and tasteless gas. The air in this room is stuffy. Please open the windows. Books become more and more expensive. Put away the books on your desk. Pencils contain lead (铅). Who put the pencils on the desk? Sugar isnt very good for you. Can you pass me the sugar, ple
14、ase? 请注意，表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词，他们一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语，以限定这些名词所指的事物范围。,3、冠词的用法, 第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an，这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the： A man came up to a policeman and asked him a question. The policeman didnt understand the question, so he asked the man to repeat it. I had a banana and an apple. I ate the banana and ga
15、ve the apple to Clint., 在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时，要用the。比如在自己家的房间里，我们要说the light, the floor, the door, the window, the carpet。例如： Can you turn off the light, please? (the light in our room) Shut the door, please! How do you like the film? A: Do you need the car today, honey? B: Yes. I have a lot of things
16、 to do. Why dont I drive you to work today? C: OK. But be sure to fill the car up with gas., 表示世界上独一无二的事物：the earth, the sky, the equator, the moon, the world, the universe 形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，它们前面一般要用the。例如： the onlybest way to cope with the problem This is the first time Ive come to Bei
17、jing. 在乐器、乐队、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the。例如：the Beatles，the Philadelphia Orchestra，playlearn the guitar，learn the piano 注意：运动项目前不用the。如play chess, play football (basketball, table tennis),专有名词前带有表示职业的词语或限制性修饰词时，要用the。 海洋、江河、海湾、山脉、群岛、沙漠、以复数形式出现的地理名称、带有of词组的岛名，一般要用the。 组织、机关、机构、公共建筑、车船等名称前，大多用the。 许多报纸、杂志名称前带the。
18、 度量衡名称之前常用the。,4、何时不用冠词, 表示独一无二的身份前一般不用冠词。例如： Elizabeth , Queen of England They elected Henry chairman. Henry was elected chairman of the committee. He was elected President for the second time. She is chairman of the committee. For the first time I am king of myself. Elect whom you choose to be kin
19、g. Mr. Smith used to be president of our band., 表示球类、棋类运动项目时不加冠词。例如：play football, play chess, play tennis 下列这些限定词彼此排斥，不能同时出现在名词前面： 1）冠词：the, an, a； 2）物主形容词：my, your, his, her, our, their； 3）指示形容词：this, that, these, those； 4）名词属格：Toms, Johns, the在一些特殊的名词前省略： 1）nature：泛指自然界（动、植物及无生命物质的世界）。例如：in natur
20、e If you destroy nature you will suffer for it. 2）society：泛指我们在其中生活的这个社会，一般不用冠词。例如：in society Society turns people into criminals and then locks them up. 3）space：泛指星球之间的空间时，不用冠词。例如：in space Man has just taken his first steps into space.,4）man：泛指整个人类时，不用冠词。例如：Man can conquer nature. From early times
21、man has used garlic (大蒜). Through the years man has tried to cope with (处理) the smell of garlic. But no herb, mouthwash, chewing gum, or toothpaste seems to help much. Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for man. 5）history：泛指人类整个历史时，不用冠词。例如： History may repeat itself. Throughout history m
22、an has had to accept the fact that all living things must die., 在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。例如： have something for breakfast invite somebody to dinner I was invited to dinner. 若在三餐名词前有形容词时，则一般加不定冠词。例如：We often have a big lunch and a nice dinner. 交通工具名词前不用冠词。例如：by bicycle, by boat, by car, by plane, by train, by me
23、tro (subway, tube)等。 但若用介词on，则须用冠词。on the train, on the plane, on the boat（特别注意：on foot步行，不加冠词。）, 大多数地名、湖泊名称、道路、广场、车站、机场、公园、桥梁名称、节假日名称前不用冠词。 职位、职称、官阶、职业等名称，疾病名称，餐食名称之前不用冠词。 在一些固定介词搭配中不用冠词。例如：face to face, arm in arm, hand in hand, shoulder to shoulder, side by side, inch by inch, day after day, dent
24、ist after dentist,5、school与the school,表示地点的名词如bed, church, court, hospital, prison, schoolcollegeuniversity, sea, work, office等。当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事情时，上述这些名词前面不加冠词。因为这时这些名词只表示一种抽象概念，说话人并非特指具体的地点。如果我们去这些地方不是要做特定的事情，而是由于其它原因，则要用the。例如： His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take c
25、are of her. He is often invited to the prison to give lectures. He is in prison for bribery. Bill Clinton came into office in 1992. Bill Clinton came into the office and saw Lewinsky working there.,其它类似的还有：to schoolcollegeuniversity (to study) ；to church (to pray) ；to hospital (as patients) ；in clas
26、s，in the class 当然我们也可以用其它介词： 1) atfrominto schoolcollegeuniversity)；2) atfrominto school；3) toinintofrom church 4) toinintoout of prisonhospitalbed)；5) toatfrom work；6) toat sea；7) toinfromout of town；8) atfrom home；9) go to sea (as sailors) go to the seago to the seaside；10) be at sea (as passenger
27、s or crew) be at the seabe at the seaside；11) by seaby ship by the seaby the seaside；12) be in office be in the office；13) be out of office be out of the office,6、“泛指概念”的四种表达方式, 由以上得知，不带the的不可数名词表示泛指。例： I like music. Gold is a metal. 由以上得知，不带the的复数可数名词表示泛指。例： Bananas are yellow. I am afraid of dogs.
28、 “the单数可数名词”可以表示泛指（当然也可以表示特指）。例如： The whale is the largest mammal on earth. The whale is dead. The elephant is the largest land mammal. The elephant over there has only one tusk., 不定冠词“a(n)单数可数名词”可以表示泛指。当然也可以含有“one”这一数量意义。注意比较： I ate a banana this morning. A banana is yellow. I saw a dog enter the r
29、oom. A dog makes a good pet. A teacher should be patient with his or her students. A growing child need great nourishment. A child needs love.Children need love.Any child needs love.,第 6 讲：限定词（二）,在英语中，限定词(determiner)与名词的关系最为密切。它总是直接或间接地使用在名词的前面，以限定名词所指的范围，对名词起泛指或特指、定量或不定量等限定修饰作用。英文中的限定词包括：1）冠词the, a
30、, an；2）基数词和序数词one, first; two, second; three, third;；3）指示形容词this, that, these, those；4）物主形容词my, your, his, her, our, their；5）数量形容词a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, some, any, enough, several, most, all, etc.；6）个体形容词each, every, either, neither, both, etc.；7）名词属格Marys, Johns, his fathers, etc.其中
31、冠词是我们最为常见的限定词。这一讲我们主要讨论数量形容词和个体形容词的用法。,一、限定词的用法,1、数量形容词some, any 从与名词搭配来看，some和any均可以与不可数名词和可数名词复数连用，表示“一些”。另一方面，some一般用在肯定句中；而any一般用在疑问句和否定句中。例如： I need some medicine to cure my cough. Can you give me any advice? I want to buy some computer books. I dont have any friends here. some的特殊用法 1）在表示我们期待一个
32、正面回答或要鼓励对方说“是”时，在疑问句中要用some。例如： Would you like to give me some advice? Can I have some more wine? 2）some与数字连用时，表示“大约”。这一用法常常暗指这是一个给人以深刻印象的很高的数字。例如：,Some 1,500 passengers and crew died aboard the Titanic when it sank on April 14, 1912 after hitting an iceberg. It lies at a depth of some 4,000 meters,
33、 some 640 kilometers south of Newfoundland, Canada. For “good”, the Chinese worked out a combination of “woman” and “child”. Once this combination process had started, there was no limit to it. The Chinese still use the system today, having developed it to the point of producing some forty thousand
34、combined characters out of a few hundred original pictures of concrete objects.,3）some可与单数可数名词连用，这时some表示不确定的“某一个”、“未知的”意思。它往往暗示缺乏兴趣或蔑视。例如： Of the many ways of getting to prison, Soapy thought the best was to eat a big meal at some good restaurant. A mirage is an atmospheric optical illusion of some
35、 object. Some person at the gate is asking to see you. “Two buttons have been off my new jacket.” “Some bargain.” I dont want to spend my life in some lonely little village.,2、个体形容词each, every,相同点：each和every后面都只能接单数可数名词。此时若作主语，句子谓语动词显然要用单数。例如： EveryEach boy has a gift. Every man is the master of his
36、 own fortune.,不同点：（这是主要的） 二者最重要的区别是：each不仅用作限定词，而且可用作代词；而every只能用作限定词。因此each用作代词可以单独使用，而every只能与名词连用，不能单独使用。如上句可改为：Each has a gift. 注意下面句子的结构和用法： EveryEach boy has a gift. Each of the boys has a gift. Each has a gift. Every one of the boys has a gift. The boys each have a gift. The boys have a gift
37、each. I give the boys each a gift., 在意思上来看，二者有两点区别。 1）each可以用来指两个或两个以上的事物；而each却总是指三个或三个以上的事物，不能指两个。例： Each sex has its own physical and psychological characteristics. There are a lot of trees on each side of the street. 2）尽管each和every都可作“每一个”讲，但两者意思并不完全一样。Every强调整体，相当于all的意思；而each则表示个别的概念。当我们用each时
38、，我们强调的是一个一个不同的人或事物。例如： We want every student to succeed in the exam. Each student has his own personal dream in his mind. 不过这种区别，有时并不那么强调，所以一般说来，我们还是可以将each和every通用。, every可与数词连用然后再加复数名词，而each一般不这样用。例如： every two days；every other day；every four yearsevery fourth year In the United States, presidenti
39、al elections are held once every four years. 与of短语连用 Noneof短语；No one不接of短语 SomeoneAnyoneEveryone不接of短语；Some oneAny oneEvery oneof短语,3、个体形容词another, other, 从与名词搭配来看，another只能与单数可数名词连用，表示不确定的“另一个”、“再一个”。如another day，而不说another days, another water（可以说another cup of water）。然而，other可与单数或复数可数名词以及不可数名词连用，表
40、示不确定的“另外的”、“其余的”人或物。如other boys, the other boy, other fish。 从与数词搭配来看，注意二者词序上的差别： 1）another+数词+复数名词 2）数词+other+复数名词,我们还应该注意这两种用法的意思区别。 I will stay here for another three days. 意思是“我还要在这里再呆三天”。“another+数词+名词复数”这一结构的基本意思是“在原有基础上的一个延续”。 I am always busy from Monday to Thursday, but I can come on three o
41、ther days. 意思是“我其他三天（Friday, Saturday, and Sunday）能来”。“数词+other+名词复数”这一结构只是单纯地表示“其他的，另外的”。,另外，与“another+数词+名词复数”这一结构意思相同的另一种结构是：“数词+more+复数名词”，比如我们可以说：three more days（不能说three other days）。 总结如下：another three days；three more days；three other days。 最后顺便提及的是，从以上我们可知，虽然another不能直接与复数名词连用，但其后可以先接数词或few然后
42、再接复数名词。如：another few weeksa few more weeks，another few boysa few more boys。例： “What do you do when you realize that you are about to die?” “Its real simple. You get things right with God, and you spend as much time with those you love as you can. Then you settle up with everybody else. You know, rea
43、lly, you ought to live every day like you have only a few more days to live.”, other本身的其他用法,1）other之前可以有其他限定词修饰。如：some, any, every, onetwothree, no, many, hismytheir等。例如： Can you give me some other reference books? every other day no other tools Have you got any other colors?2）otherthe other“other+名
44、词”表不确定的“其他的，另外的”；“the other+名词”表特定的“剩下其余的”。例如： Some metals are magnetic and other metals are not. Of all metals, only mercury is liquid and the other metals are solid.3）otherothersother只能作限定词来用，后面必须接名词，不能说：Other are；与此相反，others只能用作代词，后面不能再接名词，不能说：others people are。,4、个体形容词either, neither （这里所讲的用法包括二
45、者做代词时的用法）, 从词义角度分析，这两个词的词义不同。 1）either有两个意思：either的基本意思是“两个当中的任何一个”，“这个或那个（one or the other）”。例如：Come over on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is OK. either有时候也指“两个中的每一个（each of two）”，特别是与end和side连用时。例如：There are a lot of trees on either side of the river. 比较：There are a lot of trees on both sides of
46、the river. 还可以说：There are a lot of trees on each side of the river.（each可指两者或两者以上）但不可以说：There are a lot of trees on every side of the river.（every指三者或三者以上） 2）neither只有一个意思：“两者都不（not one and not the other）”。例如：Neither of the answers is right., 从与名词搭配来看，二者的结构用法相同。具体如下： 1）用作限定词时，总是与单数可数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。 Ei
47、ther day is OK. Neither day is OK. 注意：作限定词时，二者均不能再与其他的限定词（如冠词、物主代词或指示形容词）连用。比如我们可以说the book, your book, 或either book，但我们不说：the either book, either your book, the either day. 2）用作代词时，二者不直接接名词，而是单独使用或接of短语。例如： Come over on Saturday or Sunday. Either is OK. You cant choose Choices A and B. Neither is r
48、ight.,注意它们与of短语连用时的结构：“EitherNeither of+限定词（如冠词、物主代词或指示形容词）+名词复数+单数谓语动词”。例如： Either of the answers is right. Neither of my children has done that. 在这个结构中有三点须注意： (A)名词前面必须有限定词。我们不说：either of answers, neither of children (B)名词必须用复数。我们不说：either of the answer, neither of my child (C)谓语动词通常用单数。我们一般不说：Eit
49、her of the answers are right. Neither of my children have done that., Eithernot相当于neither。例如： Either of the answers is not correct. Neither of the answers is correct. 至于其他的限定词如基数词和序数词（onefirst, twosecond, threethird），指示形容词（this, that, these, those），物主形容词（my, your, his, her, our, their）及名词属格（Marys, Johns, his fathers），其用法较为简单，故不再赘述。,
