1、1Unit 2 People on the moveDesigned byGu ChenYangfrom Taixing No 3 Senior High School, JiangsuJuly 2008 Grammar and usageSummary of teaching procedure and waysThere are four activities in this period to help students to get some idea about the elements of a paragraph.1. Ask students to read the secon
2、d paragraph of the magazine article in the Reading and try to find which sentence in this paragraph gives the main point of the whole paragraph.2.The purpose of discussion(Group work) is to make students learn more about the topic sentence.3.Learning language points to make students understand the t
3、opic further.Teaching goalsHelp the students learn how to organise information in an essay,a story or an article.Teaching important pointsEnable the students to find out the topic sentence.Teaching difficult pointsMake the students learn how to write paragraphs,including the Topic sentence,the suppo
4、rting sentence ,the concluding sentence.Teaching methods Discussion, reading and cooperative learning.Teaching aidsA computer and a projectorTeaching procedure and waysStep 1: General introduction The grammar items in this unit focus on one aspect of the structure of an articlethe elements of a para
5、graph. You will learn that paragraphs are used to organize information in an article and what is usually included in a paragraph. It will help you write an article better. You are expected to put what you have learnt into practice.Step2: Explanation:Introduction: Paragraphs are one of the major “bui
6、lding blocks” of good writing. They are used to organize information in an essay, a story or an article. When writing paragraphs, we usually include the following:1. Topic: sentences: Each paragraph should have a point. This is usually expressed in a topic sentence, which clearly states what informa
7、tion the paragraph will give.Not all paragraphs have a topic sentence. This is sometimes the case when, for example, a paragraph is continuing a topic introduced in the previous paragraph, which contained a topic sentence.The topic sentence is usually the first sentence of a paragraph. However, in t
8、he first paragraph of an essay, a story or an article, the topic sentence may often an interesting fact, a question or a quotation.2Older American are on the move.2. Supporting sentences The topic sentence should be followed by sentences which help explain or prove it.For decades, Florida has been a
9、ttracting older residents. In fact, according to the national population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older. The sentences in a paragraph should be listed in an order that makes sense. We can use transitions to link each sentences to the
10、previous or following ones. Transitions we can use include for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however and also.Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the state relatively flat landscape. However, as the number of older Am
11、ericans moving there increases, more changes are made to cater to them. For example, ambulance response time has decreased, and many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walkin bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.3. Concluding sentenceA paragraph shoul
12、d end with one sentence that respects the topic in a new way. We can also use the concluding sentence to express a final idea about the topic or to help introduce the topic of the next paragraph.Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.4. A hookRead the
13、 second paragraph under the subtitle of “Bright lights, big city” and identify the topic sentence and supporting sentences in it. Why a question is used at the beginning of theparagraph, and whether the question “where are all the young people” is the topic sentence of the paragraph or not. Ask the
14、students to find out the answer to this question: there are almost no young people in a small Midwestern town; they have all moved to live in cities. A question instead of an affirmative sentence here can catch readers eyes and make reader more interested in the topic. A question like this is called
15、 a hook.Step3 Exercises:1). Read both the instructions and Part 1 in this section. Make sure that you know what function of a topic sentence is what a hook is. Then, read the two paragraphs in Part A and identify the topic sentence for each one.Answers:A 1 A 2 B2). Read part 2 to learn more about th
16、e supporting sentences and their function. Then read the two paragraphs in part A again and point out the supporting sentences as well as the transitions words or phrases in them.33). Read part 3 to understand what a concluding sentence is. Then read the paragraph in part B. First, you should add tr
17、ansition to complete the paragraph, and then point out the topic and concluding sentences. Answers:B (1) At first (2) Then (3) but (4) so (5) However (6) Finally (7) After4). Find out（underline ）the topic sentences of the following short passage:A Now more and more people have realized how serious t
18、he problem is. Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution. Weve done a good deal of work, but heres still a long way to go. We must keep on fighting until we find ways to protect the environment from being polluted, and do away with pollution. We are sure that well
19、win the battle. Goodbye, water pollution!BLanguage learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners .Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak,
20、 though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child .Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.CPlanting Trees Day comes on March 12 every year. Do you know what c
21、an we do to help on the day? In China, Planting Trees Day is on March 12. This special day began in 1979. On that day, people can plant many trees. And if we plant trees more, we must also take care of the trees by watering them until they grow up to be strong. In different countries, Planting Trees
22、 Days are on different days. Like in India, Planting Trees Day is on July 1. Why do the people plant trees? It is very easy. Because they want to protect the environment. There are many people who want to earn the money form only cutting down trees. So more and more trees are cut by them. But kind p
23、eople want to protect the environment and make the air clean. So they plant trees as many as they can. All these actions show that people should pay more attention to the environment. We want to make it better, dont we? So we must plant more trees to protect the environment. So, everyone, if you wan
24、t to make the air clean, please try your best to protect the environment and plant more trees. DHowever mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault-finder will find faults in paradise. Lo
25、ve your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have some pleasant,thrilling,glorious hours, even in a poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich mans abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quiet min
26、d may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace. The towns poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any. May be they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving. Most think that they are above being supported by the town; but it often happen
27、s that they are not above supporting 4themselves by dishonest means. Which should be more disreputable? Cultivate poverty like a garden herb, like sage. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends, Turn the old, return to them. Things do not change; we change. Sell you
28、r clothes and keep your thoughts.EIt is a problem we need to get out teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world .Thus the use at sev
29、en months of “mama” as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes. Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for hi
30、mself, I doubt, however whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of this ability in an attempt to teach new soundsStep4:Language points1. Not all paragraphs have a topic sentence.（P24）并不是所有的段落都有中心句。英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：一、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot ）表示“并非都“ 、“不是所有的都“例如： Not all men
31、 can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长很高。 二、 both 的否定式：notboth (或：both not) “并非两个都“ 例如：I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、 every的否定式： “不是每都“ 例如： Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is no
32、t educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 四、 always 的否定式：“并非总是（并非一直）“ 例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和 quite 的否定式：“不完全“ ，“并非完全“ 例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trust
33、ed. 不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 六、 all the time 的否定式：“ 并非一直“、“未必老是“ 例如： A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。 七、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是 and 后面的那一部分。 例如： He did not speak clearly
34、 and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。 5This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将 and 换成 or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。 2. For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.Grammar point: present perfective progressive(现在完成进行时)高考链接1. Cathy is taking not
35、es of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _D_ English for a year. （2007 湖南）A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 2. I have got a headache.No wonder. You C in front of that computer too long. （2007 江西） A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked3. I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _A_on it for more than an hour. (2006 湖北）A. has been working B. will have workedC. will have been working D. had workedStep 5: HomeworkReview the grammar: The elements of a paragraph.
