1、1高中英语语法讲座（八 ）非谓语动词(二)动词-ing 形式动词的-ing 形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing 形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing 短语。1、-ing 的形式：语态形式 主动语态 被动语态一般式完成式1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited. The truck being repaired there is ours.3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 4）完成被动式：He for
2、got having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.5）否定式：not + doingI regret not following his advice.2、-ing 形式的基本用法。（1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. 说比做容易。ing 作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用 it 作形式
3、主语，而将作主语的-ing 后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here. 常用句型It is no use/good/useless doing It is a waste of time doing.（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going
4、 back to New York do+限定词（my, some, any, the 等）+ -ing，表示 “做事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? 2作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics作形容词 worth, busy 等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. ing 作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用 it 作为形式宾语，而将作宾
5、语的-ing 后置如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again? 动名词作 need, want, require, be worth 的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。The blackboard need cleaning/to be cleaned. 可以跟-ing 作宾语的动词有：喜欢考虑不可免（enjoy，consider ，escape，avoid）;停止放弃太冒险（stop，give up，risk）;反对想像莫推延（object，imagine，delay ，put o
6、ff）;要求完成是期盼（require，finish，look forward to）;建议继续勤操练（suggest，go on，practise）;不禁坚持求原谅（cant help，excuse，insist on）;继续注意为成功（keep on ，mind ，succeed in） 。 带介词 to 的常用动词短语admit to(承认), contribute to(捐助，贡献), get down to(着手做), give way to(让位于), keep to(坚持), lead to(导致), look forward to(期待), take to(从事), turn
7、to(求助于), stick to(忠于，坚持), point to(指向), see to(注意，处理), be/get used to(习惯于), devote oneself to(献身于), be equal to(胜任的，等于), be familiar to(为 熟悉) ，pay attention to(注意)，according to(根据), add to(增加), due to(由于), object to (反对), owing to (由于), in addition to(除之外), 等 一些固定搭配后要用-ingfeel like doing; have diffi
8、culty/trouble/problem (in) doing; have a good/ wonderful/hard time (in) doing; cant/couldnt help doing（4）作宾语补足语：动词 see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep 后常带-ing 作宾补。We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. （5）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standin
9、g at the gate? 另外，-ing 作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing 作定语，要使用定语从句。如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.（6）作状语：时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加 when 或 while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因
10、状语：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 33、-ing 形式的复合结构在-ing 前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing 的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing 的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常
11、用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.4 -ing 和 to do 的用法区别：-ing to do 作主、宾、表语时表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作 表示一个具体某一次的动作 e.g She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.作宾补 在 see, watch, hear, feel 等之后，如果用-ing 形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，e.g I hear her singing in the room.1. 在 s
12、ee, watch, hear, feel 等之后, 不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程e.g I saw him enter the room.2. 动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后 e.g I have told them to come again tomorrow.作定语 其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生 e.g The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后, e.g I have three letters to write.作状语 表示时间、原因、
13、方式或伴随情况 e.g Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again结果（意料之中）：A big earthquake hit Yu Shu, causing a great damage to the area.一般是作目的或结果状语 e.g I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.结果(表意外的结果) ：I hurried to the airport, only to be told the plane had taken off.练习一1. Alien said t
14、hat his trip was _.A. interested B. interest C. interesting D. of interest2. I couldnt understand _ at the poor child.A. you to laugh B. you laugh C. why laugh D. you laughing3. Its no use_ with him. You might as well（不妨） _ with a stone wall.A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing
15、 D. to argue, argue4. The old mans _ pity on the snake led to his own death.A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have5. Some peoples greatest pleasure is _ .A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing6. Remember _ the book, when you have finished it.4A. putting back B. having put back C. to
16、put back D. will put back7. You didnt hear us come back last night. Thats good. We tried _ noisy.A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being8. Though he failed, he tried _ it again and again.A. to do B. doing C. do D. done.9. Youll regret _ those words. You may hurt her feelings.A. say B. to
17、 say C. having said D. to have said10. We are looking forward to _ another chance _ it again.A. be given, to try B. give, to try .C. giving, trying D. having, to try11. Excuse me for _ in without _. A. coming, asking B. coming, being asked C. to come, asking D. to come, being asked12. People couldnt
18、 help _ the foolish girl.A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing :13. “What do you think of the book?“ “Oh. excellent, its worth _ a second time.“A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read14. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing
19、C. to have invented D. having invented15. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive.16. Do you know the boy _ under the big tree?A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying17. “Can you read?“ Mary said to the notice.A. angrily, pointing
20、B. and point angrily C. angrily, pointed D. and angrily pointing18. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of Tight.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed19. Your flat needs _ . Would you like me it for you? A. to clean, to do B. cleaning, doing C. cleaning, to do D. to
21、be cleaned, doing20. Tommy had his big brother _ his shoes for him.A. to tie B. tie C. tied D. tying21. Would you please _ write on the textbooks?A. dont B. not to C. not D. to not22. Id _ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.A. rather not have B. rather not to have C. not rather had D. r
22、ather not having（三）过去分词： 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed 构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的用法： 1作定语： （表特性）Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。5Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 = Those _ will attend the meeting.注意：当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如
23、果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2作表语：（表状态） The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示动作是被动语态。区别： The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leav
24、es（落叶） developed country (发达的国家 ) newly arrived goods（新到的货）the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed 等。 3作宾语补足语： （表被动动作）I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做 with 短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done,
25、 they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4作状语：（其逻辑主语要和主句主语一致） Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。 （表示原因） = _, he became the pride of his parents.Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。 （表示时间） = _, it can never be forgotten.Given more time, Ill
26、 be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。 （表示条件） = _, Ill be able to do it better.Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。 （表示让步）=_, he still risked his life to save the boy. 独立结构构成:(1) 名词(代词)+现在分词 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you t
27、omorrow. = If the weather permits, we are(2) 名词(代词)+过去分词The test finished, we began our holiday.=When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 6(3)名词(代词)+不定式The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldnt go to the cinema tonight.= Because the exam will be held tomorrow,(4)名词(代词)+形容词/ 副词He came into the
28、 room, his ears red with cold. = He ., and his ears were red with cold.(5) 名词(代词)+介词短语He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.= He ., and a large book was under his arm. with +n./pron. + doing/to do/ done/ adj./adv./介短1). The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.2).
29、The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on.3). I cant go out, with a lot of work to do.4). Dont talk with your mouth full.5) With the light burning, he went to sleep.练习二1. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been i
30、nvited2. English is a language _ in many countries.A. spoken B. speaking C. be spoken D. to speak3. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given4. _their students, the famous teacher came into the hall.A. Followed B. Followed byC. Being followed D
31、. Having been followed5. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _. A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken6. The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied7. Im afraid I cant make myself _ in English.A. understanding B. unders
32、tand C. to be understood D. understood8. When she returned home, she found the window open and something _.A. stealing B. missed C. stolen D. to steal9. _, she burst into tears.A. Deeply moved B. Deeply movingC. As she deeply moved D. As she was deeply moving10. The computer centre, _ last year is v
33、ery popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened.练习三、用所给词的适当形式填空1. Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare. You must learn _ (share)2. The storm left, _ (cause) a lot damage to this area. 3. The research is so designed that once _ (begin) nothing can b
34、e done to change it. 74. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ (smoke) in the kitchen. 5. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _(know) only to people with specific knowledge. 6. Though _ (lack) of money, his parents managed to send him to university. 7. Unless_(invite) to speak, you s
35、hould remain silent at the conference. 8. How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?- The key _ (solve) the problem is to meet the demand _ (make) by the customers.9. Dont leave the water _ (run) while you brush your teeth. 10. The discovery of new evidence led to t
36、he murderer_ (catch). 11. _ (face) with such great difficulty, Jack felt a loss what _ (say) 12. _(warn)of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend _ (follow) her. 13. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _ (blame). 14. What wor
37、ried me most was my _ (not allow) to go abroad alone. 15. Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not _ (lose) his job. 非谓语动词小结：1. 非谓语动词的构成式：-ing 的形式：语态形式 主动语态 被动语态一般式完成式To do 的形式语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式主 动被 动2. 如何选用 doing, to do, done?doing 主动、正在 to do 将来、目的 done 被动、完成3. 非谓语动词在句中的作用：doing/to do 在句中作_ _ _ _
38、_ _；done 在句中作 _ _ _ _。4. 熟记一些固定搭配：e.g enjoy doing, couldnt help doing, stop to do/doing 等5. 注意几个 区别：1） being done; to be done; done2） doing/ to do 在句中充当各种成分的区别3） have sb. do have sb/sth. doing have sth. donemake sb. do let sb. do get sb. to do get sth. done86. 注意几个结构：1) ing 的复合结构2) with+ n./pron. +
39、adj./adv./prep. phrase/ doing/to do/done3) 独立结构高中英语写作常用套句8表示比较 1）Compared with A，B 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV 3）There is a striking contrast between them 例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordableFirstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleumSecondly，they do not cause the pollution problemLast but not least，they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise
