1、第一章 名词名词复数Stimulus stimuli 促激因素Crisis crisesPhenomenon phenomena没有单数形式的名词clothes; jeans; pajamas（睡衣）scissors; scales; handcuffsphysics; maths; politics; economicsgoods; whereabouts; remains; findings; belongings可数与不可数Id like a coffee, please. Do you drink coffeeIll buy a chicken for dinner tonight.
2、Would you like some chicken for dinner?tea/a tea; beer/ a beer; lemonade/ a lemonade; ice cream/ an ice cream集体名词familyclassthe United Nationsthe Olympic Gamespolice; cattle; people (人民；人们 )量化一群一个一件一条一组Groups一层灰 a film of dust一缕烟 a wisp of smoke一线希望 a ray/glimpse/thread of hope一绺头发 a lock of hair一点怀
3、疑 a shadow of doubt一片面包 a piece/slice of bread一件家具 a piece/an article of furniture群星 a constellation of stars狮群 a pride of lions一粒沙子 a grain of sand专四考点 名词辨析The economic recession has meant that job _ is a rare thing.A. security B. safety C. protectionThere was a soft _ from the polished brass in th
4、e deserted building.A. flash B. glare C. glisten D. glow第二章 形容词和副词定语形容词和表语形容词ablaze; afloat; afraid; alight; alive; alone; aloof; ashamed; asleep; awake; aware; askewcontent; glad; ill; pleased; ready; sorry; sure; (un)wellglad tidings The world is certainly in a sorry state.There was a ready supply
5、 of drink.表语 alive afraid alike asleep ill定语 living frightened similar sleeping sick形容词位置和意义concernedThe meeting was full of concerned residents.The students concerned were a small minority.presentThe present chairman is getting on a bit.We took a vote of all members present.专四考点：比较含比较概念的词和词组be infe
6、rior/ superior tobe junior/ senior to1、He is three years senior to his cousin.Intellect is to the mind _ sight is to the body. (TEM4-2001)A. what B. as C. that D. likeA is to B what C is to DThe feet are to a man what the wings are to a bird.2、Fat cannot change into muscle _ muscle change into fat.
7、(TEM4-1999)A. any more than B. no more thanC. no less than D. much more thannotany more than 正如同 不能, 也不能no more than 两者都不；A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul.notany less than/no less than 两者都；John is no less hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.3、It is
8、not so much the language _ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.A. but B. nor C. as D. likenot so muchas 与其不如The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 授人以鱼不如授人以渔。4、The prisons are _ over-crowded _ the fa
9、rmlands are empty.A. so, as B. as, as C. much, as D. too, toasas , 而She is as kind as her brother is honest.5、The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times _ the size of St. Peters in Rome. A. / B. that of C. which is D. of 数量比较结构1. X times as as2. X times that of 3. X times more than .Th
10、ings You May Not Know But Really Need To Knowaccidental/accidentallyaccidental discovery accidental spyRadar was an incredibly important innovation during the time of war, but microwave cooking was a purely accidental discovery.incidentallyI must leave now. _,if you want that book Ill bring it next
11、time.A. Accidentally B. Incidentally C. Eventually D. Naturallycircumstance/circumstantialSometimes when there is no smoking gun（确凿的证据） , we rely on circumstantial evidence（旁证）.substance/substantialAfter careful evaluation, the Board believes that Microsofts proposal substantially undervalues Yahoo!
12、 （极大地低估了雅虎的价值）Substance over use 吸毒过量instrument/instrumentalAlbert Einstein was instrumental in facilitating the development of atomic bomb.（对.起到了推动作用）Decent 尚可，还行a decent salary; a decent meal；a decent burial 一个体面的葬礼fantasy/fantasticThe Lord of the Rings; Harry Potter; His Dark Materials: The Golde
13、n CompassFantastic Fourcredible/incredible 可信的/ 难以置信的terrific/terrifyingawesome/awful(terrible)/awfullybloody 英式英语中用来加强语气Youre bloody right!braveThey braved unimaginable hardships to settle previously unknown areas.weatherHow will the world weather Americas economic storm?access/accessibleWheelchair
14、-accessible bathrooms（残疾人洗手间） are located in this building Handicap accessible walkway/ramp（斜坡）Robert Shermers text provides an accessible introduction to quantum mechanics for undergraduates（本科生）.impossibleThose kids are impossible!TechnicallyJoel: Is there any risk of brain damage? Howard: Well, t
15、echnically speaking（严格说来）, the operation is brain damage, but on a par with a night of heavy drinking. Nothing youll miss. - Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless MindArgue/arguable/arguablyHe is arguably the most successful businessman in the world. 他可谓是世界上最成功的商人Virtually 近乎.几乎是.Virtual reality 虚拟现实Give
16、n its widespread occurrence in our diet, it is virtually impossible to avoid daily exposure to fluoride. terribly/seriously/gravelyHe is _ ill. You are _ mistaken.Literally（字面意义）/figuratively（语意义得）When we last saw him, nearly 19 years ago, everybodys favorite archaeologist was literally riding off i
17、nto the sunset after having found the Holy Grail. This seemed as though it had to be the end of the adventure series that had gotten its start with Raiders of the Lost Ark, the big summertime blockbuster of 1981.The curry was so hot that my mouth was literally on fireGood grades pay off literally. 金
18、钱方面的回报Physically 实实在在地Some physicists now believe the singularity may be physically real.Organization were founded to assist physically disabled persons.equal/equally 相同的，同样的A study by Saint Louis University found that a lovable pooch named Sparky and a robotic dog, AIBO, were about equally effectiv
19、e at relieving the lonelinessdiscriminate/indiscriminate/indiscriminatelyThe robbers shot indiscriminately at the bus and riddled it with bullets.readilyHe readily agreed to help us.Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are_ available these days. (07-TEM4)A. pro
20、mptly B. instantly C. readily D. quickly 数量有限，预购从速 Limited Availability, Order Soon.What does “He wisely refused to spend his money“ mean? (08-TEM4)A. It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money.B. He refused to spend his money in a wise manner.C. He was short of money and didnt want to buy anyt
21、hing.D. He refused, in a wise manner, to spend his money.prohibit/prohibitive/prohibitivelyThe car is prohibitively expensive. 贵到买不起harm/harmless/harmlesslyThe grenade blasted harmlessly on the ground. 手榴弹在地上爆炸，谁也没伤着innocent/innocentlyHe innocently picked up the ticking bomb. hope/hopeless/hopelessl
22、yHe was hopelessly addicted to the Internet. 他上网成瘾，已经没救了soothe/soothingly 安慰，抚慰The water was soothingly warm. 暖的很舒服arm/disarm/disarmingly 使人消气的，解人疑虑His reply was disarmingly honest.a disarming smilereassure/reassuringlyHis grip was reassuringly firm.alarm/alarminglyLead level in tap water was alarmi
23、ngly high. 自来水中的铅的含量惊人的高sober/soberingly 未醉的Some of their stories soberingly address the potential complications of adoptive parenting.omen/ominous/ominouslyPeter stared down stunned at the ground below where Bodils body lay ominously still.oblige/obliginglyThe star obligingly posed for photos. 这位明星
24、很乐意的摆好 pose.appreciate/appreciativelyThis class of immigrants nodded appreciatively when I read them a new poem I wrote about the immigrant experience vanish/vanishinglyThe chance of you winning this game is vanishingly small.mercy/merciful/mercifullyThe meeting was mercifully over. 这个会终于结束了。Things
25、You May Take For GrantedknowledgeShe was greatly disturbed by the knowledge that one of her boy students was in love with her.Cup 使双手成圆状托起He cupped his hands around his mouth and yelled.He cupped his hands around the lighter and flipped the wheel.classify/classifieda classified documentNewspaper ads
26、 must be placed by 3 p.m. to be published in the next days newspaper. For questions contact the Classified department at 661-322-SELL.fishHe fished for his keys in the pocket. 捞，摸runchicken run 养鸡场trafficking 非法买卖，非法交易pilot 试播节目battery 一系列；法律术语，殴打罪He was charged with multiple counts of battery.charg
27、eThe dog charged at the intruder.The troop charged across the desert, their horses thundering- Indiana Jones and The Last CrusadeGame 猎物African game reserve Are you game enough for another challenge?（愿意尝试，有冒险精神）Grandfather 免受新法权限制，使 排除在有关此种活动或事物的新法规之外Westmoreland had adopted Marilyn prior to Illinoi
28、s law making it illegal for prisoners to have such creature comforts, and she was grandfathered in so that Westmoreland would not have to give her up. - Prison Break: The FBI Classified FilesNew regulations would not apply to already existing operations, a kind of grandfathering.Some existing privat
29、e online video firms will, under a grandfather clause, be eligible to continue operations.grandfather: To exempt (one already involved in an activity or a business) from new regulations concerning that activity or business免受新法规限制：使（已涉入一项活动或事务中的人）排除在有关此种活动或事务的新法规之外do ones homeworkYou must do your hom
30、ework before buying a used car.You do the math.Which is better? Fool around for four years and spend the rest of your life regretting or sink your teeth really hard into study for the first two years and live happily ever after? You do the math!talk about 没有主语的情况下，用 talk about 来表示还能有比来更好地说明When they
31、 take the laptops home, the kids often teach the whole family how to use it. Negroponte says the families loved the computers because, in a village with no electricity, it was the brightest light source in the house. “Talk about a metaphor and a reality simultaneously,” MIT professor Nicholas Negrop
32、onte says “It just illuminated that household.”- 60 Minutes 2007.05.20 00:17:00knock yourself outA: Can I have some beer?B: Yeah, knock yourself out.Do whatever you want, it doesnt bother me第三章 介词a. Turn right at George Street and go three blocks.b. There is a lot of traffic on this street.c. There
33、are several potholes in the street in front of my house.fill _ the gap. (in/out)underwater? in the water?a. The bird flew up the chimney.b. Jennifer climbed up the mountain.The More Sensea. The farmer fattened up the calfb. Pump/turn up the volume/heat = more volume/heatThe Improvement SenseI brushe
34、d up my German before the conference in Landau.Dave and Kirsten decided to get dressed up and go to a nice restaurant.cheer up; in high spirits; polish up; dress down; in low spirits; turn down; The Completion SenseBe sure to gas up the car for the trip.Lets load up the truck and get going.a. Lets f
35、inish up this work today.b. They closed up the shop for the night.a. The flashlight wont work. We must have used up the batteries.b. Students, turn in your papers; your time is up!c. The guests drank up the wine and promptly fell asleep.OVERa. There is a lamp over the table.b. The teller at the cent
36、ral bank switched the account over to a local branch.c. The film is over.d. Arlington is over the river from GeorgetownThere is a lamp over the table. above but within potential contact with the LandmarkThe cat jumped over the wall. The cat jumped over the wall.The TRANSFER senseThe teller at the ce
37、ntral bank switched the account over to a local branch.You must hand over your passport before you leave. The material was handed over to the department just in time.The old government handed its power over (to the newly elected officials) The Beatles immediately won the hearts of millions of teenag
38、ers. The Beatles eventually won over the hearts of many of their parents as well.turn overFather grabbed the thief and turned him over to the police.send overPlease send a taxi over to the Grand Hotel.run overThe dog was run over by a car.have overI cant go tonight as I have some friends over.get ov
39、erThe trip will help him get over Sarahs death.see over/tide overHere is some money, this should . you . /. you . till next month.The COMPLETION senseThe film is over.Class is over.Game Over.Your good old days were over.The On-the-other-side SenseA: Wheres Arlington from here?B: Its just over the ri
40、ver.The tablecloth is over the table.The COVERING Sense1 The police swarmed all over the place during the drug raid. 2 The valley was covered over with a thick layer of snow. 3 He is quite an experienced man; he has travelled all over the world.The Examining SenseMary looked over the manuscript quit
41、e carefullyIll give the document a close examination.Ill give the manuscript a close read.The Focus-of-attention Sensea. The little boy cried over his broken toy.b. The little boy cried about his broken toy.a. The generals talked over their plans for the invasion.b. The generals talked about their p
42、lans for the invasion.She thought over the problem.The search committee agonized over the decision.Niels Bohr mulled over a solution to Einsteins thought experiment.From my seat in the theatre, I could see over twenty people.He weighs just over 150 poundsThe car was going over ninety miles an hourMa
43、ry has been in Europe for over five monthsOver-and-above (Excess) SenseThe heavy rains caused the river to flow over its banks.Lou kept pouring the cereal into the bowl until it spilled over and onto the counter.OVER: higher than/beyond the normoverburden overly/(over)cautious overcrowded overdose o
44、verdrawn(overdraft) overdue overflow overgrown overload oversimplified oversleep overtime overachieve, overkill, overdo, overdressControl SenseShe has a strange power over me.Camilla has authority over purchasing.The Prime Minister holds sway over all the important decisions.Personality has more inf
45、luence over who we marry than physical appearance.The Preference SenseI would prefer tea over coffee.I like Beethoven over Mozart.I favor soccer over tennis.The Reflexive SenseThe fence fell overHe turned the page overThe log rolled overThe tree bent over in the windThe Repetition SenseAfter the fal
46、se start, they started the race over.He played the same piano piece over.This keeps happening over and over.INThe In Situ Sensea. What are you in for? b. He stayed in for the evening.c. The workers staged a sit-in.The State Sensein lovein dangerin favorin despairin painin a messin confusion第四章 时态一般现
47、在时1)一般现在时可以用来描述规律性、经常性的事情。Our two chefs provide an excellent choice of hot meals every day.He goes to school by bus.The Blacks take their summer holiday in a quiet part of Italy. .2)一般现在时可以用来陈述真实情况，描述事实或永久情况。British people drink a lot of tea.Our teacher told us that the earth revolves around the sun
48、 .现在进行时1)现在进行时描述说话时或者说话前后正在进行的动作。Ill be with you in a minute. Im just finishing something in the kitchen.Were staying with John to try and find out if his place really is haunted.2)现在进行时描述通常在短时间内重复发生的事件或行为。Im feeding the neighbors cat this week while shes in hospital.比较：Grahams a confirmed smoker. H
49、e smokes about fifty cigarettes a day.Graham is having a tough time at the office at the moment and hes smoking about fifty cigarettes a day.一般不用于现在进行时的动词存在动词 be, consist of, contain ,exist拥有动词 belong to, have (=own), include, lack, own, possess感觉或意愿动词adore, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like ,love
