1、Sound and metre in poetry,What is rhyme? What is metre (rhythm)?,Mrs. WhiteHad a frightIn the middle of the nightSaw a ghostEating toastHalf way up a lamppostMore childrens songs at http:/ http:/www.district196.org/ec/ParentingIdeas/Songbook.pdf,I shot an arrow into the air Henry Wadsworth Longfello
2、w, 1807-1882,I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight.I breathed a song into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For who has sight so keen and strong, That it can follow the flight of song?Long, lo
3、ng afterward, in an oak I found the arrow, still unbroke; And the song, from begining to end, I found again in the heart of a friend.,About Rhymes,End rhymes: masculine, feminine, consonance, pararhymeInternal rhymes:alliteration, assonance,Masculine rhyme,Also called full rhyme: rhyming one stresse
4、d syllableThy voice is on the rolling air; I hear thee where the waters run;Thou standest in the rising sun And in the setting thou art fair.,My Hearts In The Highlands,Robert Burns （1759 -1796）,My hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here, My hearts in the Highlands a-chasing the deer A-chasing
5、 the wild deer, and following the roe; My hearts in the Highlands, wherever I go.Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North The birth place of Valour, the country of Worth; Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, The hills of the Highlands for ever I love.,Farewell to the mountains high coverd wit
6、h snow; Farewell to the straths and green valleys below; Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods; Farwell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. My hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here, My hearts in the Highlands a-chasing the deer Chasing the wild deer, and following the roe; My h
7、earts in the Highlands, wherever I go.,Feminine rhyme,Rhyming two syllables, one stressed and one not:The cock is crowingThe stream is flowing; The small birds twitter,The lake doth glitter.William Wordsworths “Written in March”,Consonance & Pararhyme,Rhyming only the consonance at the end of the li
8、ne: Spare the rod, spoil the child.Has your soul sippedOf the sweetness of all sweets?Has it well suppedBut yet hungers and sweats?,Exposure Wilfred Owen (1893 -1918),关于一战，我们了解多少？,Our brains ache, in the merciless iced east winds that knive us. Wearied we keep awake because the night is silent. Low,
9、 drooping flares confuse our memory of the salient. Worried by silence, sentries whisper, curious, nervous, But nothing happens.,Watching, we hear the mad gusts tugging on the wire, Like twitching agonies of men among its brambles. Northward, incessantly, the flickering gunnery rumbles, Far off, lik
10、e a dull rumor of some other war. What are we doing here?,Internal rhymes,Alliteration 头韵 Assonance 元音韵,SEA-FEVER,John Masefield (1878-1967),I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky, And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by, And the wheels kick and the winds song a
11、nd the white sails shaking, And a grey mist on the seas face and a grey dawn breaking.,I must down to the seas again, for the call of the running tide Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied; And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying, And the flung spray and the blown
12、spume, and the seagulls crying.,I must down to the seas again to the vagrant gypsy life. To the gulls way and the whales way where the winds like a whetted knife; And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover, And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long tricks over.,Assonance,Rhymin
13、g of vowels in a lineHow sad and bad and mad it was But then, how it was sweet!,About Metre (Rhythm),Six basic metrical feet:iamb x /trochee / xanapest x x /dactyle / x xspondee / /pyrrhic x x,Iamb / Iambic,x / x / x / x / If all /the world/ and love/ were young, x / x / x / x / And truth/ in ev/ry
14、she/pherds tongue.,Trochee / Trochaic,/ x / x / x / Swinging / slow with / sullen / roar,Anapest / Anapestic,x x / x / x x / x x / Not a drum / was heard /, not a fu/neral note,x x / x x / x x / x As his corpse / to the ram/part we hur/ried;,Dactyle / Dactylic,/ x x / x x / x x / x Just for a / hand
15、ful of / silver he / left us / x x / x x / x x / Just for a / riband to / stick to his / coat / x x / x x / x x / x Found the one / gift of which / fortune be/reft us, / x x / x x / x x / Lost all the / others she / lets us de/vote.,Spondee / Spondaic,x / x / x / x / The pig / lay on / a bar/row dea
16、d.x / x / x / x / / It weighed/, they said/, as much / as three men.x / / / / / / x Its eyes / closed, pink / white eye / lashes. x / x / / / Its trot/ters struck / straight out.,Pyrrhic / Pyrrhic,x / x x / x the top / of the / morning,Eight kinds of metrical patterns,monometer: Thus I Pass byAnd di
17、e As one,UnknownAnd gone.Robert Herricks “Upon his Departure Hence”,Dimeter,Most good, most fair, Or things as rare, To call yous lost; For all the cost Words can bestow So poorly show, Michael Draytons “Amouret Anacreontic”,Trimeter,O let the solid groundNot fail beneath my feet Before my life has
18、foundWhat some have found so sweet; Then let come what come may, What matter if I go mad, I shall have had my day. Tennysons “Maud”,Tetrameter,If all the world and love were young, And truth in every shepherds tongue, These pretty pleasures might me move To live with thee and be thy love. Sir Walter
19、 Raleighs “The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd”,Pentameter,The Curfew tolls the Knell of parting Day, The lowing Herd winds slowly oer the Lea, The Plow-man homeward plods his weary Way, And leaves the World to Darkness, and to me.Thomas Grays “An Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard”,The Poetic Functi
20、on of Sound and Metre,End rhymes: masculine, feminine, consonance, pararhyme, repetition, reversed rhyme Internal rhymes: alliteration, assonance Metrical variation: Example “I Shot an Arrow into the Air”,Questions for discussion,What is phonemes? Describe English phonemes. How is an end rhyme constructed? And a feminine rhyme, an alliteration, consonance, assonance, pararhyme? Find a poem and commend on its sound and metre.,
