1、第五部分 名词性从句一、知识点拨（一）宾语从句（Object Clause）问题一：与“说”相关的动词后面的宾语从句如何构成？同学们在初中阶段时就开始接触宾语从句了。当将一个直接引语转为间接引语时，就是在构造一个与“说”相关的动词后的宾语从句了。在直接引语向间接引语转化的过程中，应就不同的句型类别进行不同的处理。而不同的句型类别都应根据转述者和转述时间对宾语从句中的人称、时态及状语作相应的调整。1：陈述句：不需调整语序，只要对人称，时态或状语作一定的变化即可。通常，若主句中的动词为过去时，则从句中的时态也要相应后退一格。但如从句部分是客观真理，时态则无须变化。如： She said, “I w
2、ill visit Shanghai Museum tomorrow.“ She said (that) she would visit Shanghai Museum the next day.The physics teacher said, “Water freezes at zero degrees Centigrade.“ The teacher said (that) water freezes at zero degrees Centigrade.2：疑问句：可分为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两类。（1）一般疑问句：转为 if 或 whether（是否）引导的宾语从句，且调整为陈述句语
3、序，即丰谓宾的顺序。有时可用或 whetheror not 的结构。如：I asked whether (or not) they had got the news.（2）特殊疑问句：保留原有的疑问词，且调整为陈述句语序。但当疑问词即是句子中的主语，则无需变换语序。如： He asked, “Where can I meet them?“ - He asked where he could meet them. He asked, “What is the matter?“ - He asked what was the matter.3：祈使句：可不再转为宾语从句，而是用“命令性动词 + 人
4、称代词（宾格）名词 + 不定式”的结构来表达相近的意思。如：The librarian said, “Dont make so much noise, please.“ - The librarian asked / told / requested the readers not to make so much noise.4：感叹句：可保留感叹词，也可转化为“陈述句 + 修饰词”的结构。如：He said, “What an excellent impression you have made on the customer!“- He said what an excellent imp
5、ression I had made on the customer.或 He said with admiration (that) I had made an excellent impression on the customer.5：特殊结构：可根据句子的意思作灵活的变通。如： He said to me, “Merry Christmas!“ - He wished me a merry Christmas. “Lets light a fire and cook our meat over it,“ said the children.- The children suggeste
6、d lighting a fire and cooking the meat over it.问题二：其它动词后面的宾语从句如何构成？掌握了与“说”相关的动词后的宾语从句的构成，其它动词后的宾语从句也就不难理解了。须注意两类动词：1：表示说话者认知的动词：know, believe, think, explain, guess, hope, agree, understand, realize, suppose, expect 等动词后既可以跟 that 引导的陈述分句作宾语，that 常被省略；又可以跟疑问分句。如： They have explained (that) they need
7、more time. I dont know who you met at the party.值得注意的是：（1）有些表示猜想的动词后从句中的否定式通常前移至主句中。如：I dont think he is the right person for the job.（2）反意疑问句通常是对复合句中的主句发问，但若主句为 I think/believe/suppose 时，则对从句发问。如：He thinks vegetables are good for our health, doesnt he?I think vegetables are good for our health, are
8、nt they?（3）回答对 think, believe, guess, hope 等词提问的一般疑问句时，可用缩略式，即肯定同答用 so；否定回答用 not 或 dont . so。其中 hope 的否定回答只能用 not。如：Do you think / hope / guess / believe it will rain tomorrow?Yes, I think / hope / guess / believe so.= Yes, I think / hope / guess / believe (that) it will rain tomorrow.No, I dont thi
9、nk / believe / suppose so.= No, I dont think / believe / suppose (that) it will rain tomorrow.No, I hope / believe / guess not.= No, I hope / believe / guess (that) it will not rain tomorrow.（4）wonder （想知道） ，doubt（怀疑）等动词本身带有不确定性，故后面多跟疑问分句，注意，doubt 在肯定句中，后接 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句；在否定句和疑问句中后接that 引导的宾语从
10、句。如： I wonder whose watch it is. I doubt if / whether he will come tomorrow.I dont doubt (that) he will come tomorrow.2：表达说话者强烈意愿的动词：其后所跟的宾语从句须用虚拟语气。（1）suggest, advise, order, demand, insist 等动词后用“(that)should do”的结构，此时should 可被省去。如： Connie suggested my hair (should) be short enough to keep tidy. He
11、 demands that he (should) be told everything.（2）动词 wish 后的宾语从句多为不可能实现的愿望，故常将时态后退一格以示虚拟。如： I wish I could fly. I didnt do well in the final exam. I wish I had gone over my lessons thoroughly. The crop doesnt promise a good harvest, but they still wish they would have a good one.3：双宾语与复合宾语中的宾语从句（1）有些动
12、词后带有宾语从句作为其直接宾语，同时带有一个人称代词或名词作为其间接宾语。如： She told me where the post office was. He reminded us that everything in the laboratory should be handled carefully. The company explained to their employees that a pay rise was out of the question.（2）在.含有复合宾语“动词 + 宾语从句 + 宾语补足语”结构中，往往因为宾语从句过长而将其放到句末，同时用 it 来充当
13、形式宾语。如： They made it a rule that there was a quiz every week. I find it strange that he should have said that. We think it certain that hell fulfil the task on time. We regard it as true that he has defended the championship.问题三：介词后的宾语从句如何构成？1：that 引导的宾语从句一般不能直接跟在介词后但须注意的是：（1）介词 except, but, in 后面可跟
14、 that 引导的宾语从句。如： He cares nothing about the factory except that it will bring him great profits. He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.（2）在有些含有介词的短语后可加上形式宾语 it，再跟 that 引导的宾语从句，形成 depend on it that, rely on it that,
15、 insist on it that, see to it that 等结构。如： You may depend on it that they are valuable. Ill see to it that all the lights are switched off before I leave.2：wh- 词引导的宾语从句可以充当介词的宾语。如： I have no idea of what it means. It all depends on whether they agree or not. We walked over to where they were sitting.
16、 Thinking had moved toward the question of how we might change the weather at will.问题四：形容词后的宾语从句如何构成？形容词后的名词性从句也被称作形容词补足语，多用于 certain, sure, unaware, glad, afraid, frightened, happy, pleased, sad, sorry, surprised, upset 等表示认知或情感的形容词后。如：I am afraid (that) there is no time for any more shopping.I am
17、not aware whether he wishes to go with us.He was not certain what they should do next.（二）主语从句(Subject Clause)问题一：导主语从句的连接词有哪些？引导主语从句的常用连接词有：从属连词 that， whether；连接代词和疑问代词 who，what，which；连接副词和疑问副词 when，where ，how ，why 。问题二：主语从句后的谓语动词是单数还是复数？当个从句作为句子的主语时，因其为抽象概念，谓语动词用单数。如： What he told me was only half-
18、truth. How they went there is not clear.问题三：that 引导的主语从句如何转换成用形式主语 it 的结构？如果主语从句太长，而谓语又较较短，为了避免头重脚轻，往往用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句后置。常见的用 it 作形式主语的结构构有：1：“It is + a pity / a fact / a wonder / a shame /an honor / no wonder 等名词 + that .“，如：It is a pity (that) you havent attended the concert.2：“It is + 形容词 + t
19、hat .“，如： It is likely / possible that he will accept the offer. It is obvious that we must apply other method of settling the problem.该主语从句在以下情况会出现虚拟语气：（1）“It is + necessary / important / essential / advisable 等表达述说话者强烈意愿的形容词 + that . (should) do .“，should 可以省略。如：It is important that every student
20、(should) learn a foreign language.（2）“It is + strange / surprising / amazing / important / essential / advisable 等表达说话者强烈情感的形容词 + that . should do .“，should 不可省略。如：It is surprising that he should be so rude to a lady.3：“It is + 过去分词 + that .“（1）“It is + announced / believed / considered / expected /
21、 estimated / hoped / known / reported / rumoured / said / supposed / thought / whispered 等过去分词 + that .“：其中有些结构可转化为不定式“. be believed / expected / estimated / known / reported / said 等过去分词 + to do sth“。如：It is said that the memorial hall can seat an audience of 5,000.- The memorial hall is said to se
22、at an audience of 5,000.（2）以下结构中通常使用虚拟语气：“It is + suggested / advised / demanded / ordered / requested 等过去分词 + that . (should) do .，should 可以省略。如：It is suggested that students(should) check their answers before handing in the paper.4：“It seems / appears / happens that .“：该结构也可转化为不定式 “. seems / appea
23、rs / happens to do sth“。如：It happened that Jerry ran across his enemy Tom in the street.- Jerry happened to run across his enemy Tom in the street.5：“It occurs to sb. / It strikes sb. that .“，如：It never occurred to me that you meant that.（三）表语从句（Predicative Clause）问题一：引导表语从句的连接词有哪些？引导表语从句的常用连接词有：从属连
24、词 that， whether，as if ；连接代词和疑问代词 who，what，which；连接副词和疑问副词 when，where ，how ，why 。问题二：表语从句中要注意哪些问题？1：The reason (why . ) is that .当主语是 reason 时，表语从句用 that 引导，而非 because，以免出现“原因是因为”这样的重复。如：The reason why I didnt attend the meeting was that I had been ill.2：Ones / the suggestion / advice / order / deman
25、d is that . (should) do .当表语从句是用来说明如 suggestion，advice，order，demand 这类词的具体内容时，从句中须用虚拟语气，即“that . (should) do sth“，should 可省略。如：My advice is that you (should) take more physical exercise.（四）同位语从句(Appositive Clause)问题一：同位语从句的连接词有哪些？引导同位语从句的常用连接词有：从属连词 that， whether；连接代词和疑问代词 who，what，which；连接副词和疑问副词 w
26、hen，where ，how ，why 。问题二：同位语从句通常作哪些名词的同位语？同位语从句通常所解释、说明的名词有：advice, belief, decision, doubt, fact, feeling, idea, information, news, promise, proof, question, story, thought, truth, view, word 等。We could not shake the feeling that time was catching up with us.问题三：名词 doubt 后的同位语从句用什么连接词引导？名词 doubt 在肯
27、定句中，后接 whether 引导的同位语从句；在否定句和疑问句中，后接that 引导的宾语从句。如：There is some doubt whether hes qualified for the new job.I have no doubt that hes qualified for the new job.问题四：如何识别被隔离开的同位语从句？有时，为了句子的平衡，同位语从句和它具体说明的名词之间会被其他成分隔开。如： The story spread in the village that he had lived alone in the mountain for many y
28、ear. Word came that the president would visit China the next day.（五）宾语补足语从句前面介绍了名词性从句的四种基本类型，即宾语从句，主语从句，表语从从句与同位语从句。根据名词性从句在复合句中所充当的成分，另一较常见的类型是宾语补足语从句。如： You can call it whatever you like. It is reform that has made our factory what it is today.（六）难点解析问题一：不同连接词所引导的名词性从句有哪些不同种类？1：陈述分句：由 that 引导的名词性从
29、句，that 只起连接作用，没有词汇意义，也不从句中作任何句子成分。如： That they are poor does not make a difference to me.（主语从句） The trouble is that everybody seems only to care about his or her personal interest.（表语从句） The fact that the factory is in heavy debt is not known to the public yet.（同传语从句）2：疑问分句（1）一般疑问分句：由连词 if 或 whether
30、 引导的名词性从句。如： I dont care whether / if people think it right or wrong.（宾语从句） Whether he knows or not makes no difference. (主语从句） The only thing Id mind would be whether you really love them.（表语从句） The question whether the equipment meets our needs should have been considered earlier.（同位立语从句）（2）特殊疑问分句
31、：由 wh-疑问代词或疑问副词引导的名词性从句。如： I wonder what made him say so.（宾语从句） Why he failed to come puzzled me.（主语从句） What troubled him was where he could get the money.（表语从句） We have to solve the problem who was at fault.（同位语从句）注意：此时 whether 和其它 wh-词引导的主语从句也可以用 it 作形式主语。如：It doesnt matter whether they like it or
32、 not.It is not known to anyone how this happened.3：名词性关系分句：由连接代词 who(ever)，what(ever) ，which(ever) 或连接副词where(ever)，how(ever) ，why，when 引导的名词性从句。无任何疑问性质，通常相当于一个包含定语从句的名词短语。如： I wrote what I saw.（宾语从句） （= the thing / things which I saw) Whoever did that made a serious mistake.（主语从句）(= Anyone who did
33、that) This was how it happened.（表语从句） （= the way in which it happened)注意：此时的主语从句通常不用 it 来做形式主语。问题二：如何辨析特殊疑问分句与名词性关系分句？wh-词既可引导特殊疑问分句，又可引导名词性关系分句。而且在两类分句中，不仅起连接作用还担任句子成分。两者区别在于：1：意义不同：特殊疑问分句中的 wh-疑问代词或疑问副词是用来提出一个问题的，只是由于充当从句而恢复成了陈述句语序；而名词性关系分分句中的 wh-连接代词或连接副词则无任何疑隧问的含义，通常相当于一个包含定语从句的名词短语。如： Did you h
34、ear what he said?（特殊疑问分句） What he is talking about is sheer nonsense.（名词性关系分句） They asked me what I didnt know.（可理解为特殊疑问分句 = They asked me, “What dont you know?“)（也可理解为名词性关系分句= They asked me the things which I didnt know.)2：形式不同：（1）特殊疑问分句作主语时谓语动词用单数；名词性关系分句作主语时谓语动词可根据意义决定用单数还是复数。如： Who will go with
35、us has not been decided yet.（特殊疑问分句） What money I have is yours.（名词性关系分句） What possessions I have are yours.（名词性关系分句）3：特殊疑问分句的疑问代词作介词宾语时，介词既可置于句末，也可置于疑问代词之前；名词性关系分句的连接代词作介词宾语时，只能置于句末，不能置于连接代词之前。如： I asked them what they based their predictions on.（特殊疑问分句）= I asked them on what they based their predi
36、ctions. They ate what they paid for.（名词性关系分句)问题二：引导名词性从句的 that 与 what 有何区别？1：that 引导陈述分句，在从句中不作成份，只起连接作用，没有词汇意义；而 what 引导特殊疑问分句和名词性关系分句，在从句中充当成分，分别表示“什么”和“的东西事情内容话” 。如： That she changed her mind is obvious.（陈述分句） What made her change her mind is still a mystery.（特殊疑问分句） （what 在从句中作主语） If this is wha
37、t you want to know, why dont you ask him?（名词性关系分句） （what 在从句中作 know 的宾语）3：what 引导名词性关系分句时，相当于 all + that 引导的定语从句。如：This is what I want to get. = This is all that I want to get.问题三：引导名词性从句的 that 可以省略吗？1：引导名词性从句的 that 可以省略的情况：（1）that 引导动词宾语从句。如：She taught her son (that) he must be honest and fair with
38、 eyeryone.注意：当 that 引导的宾语从句与它相应的动词被隔开时，通常 that 不能省略。如： Everyone could see (that) poor Christine was kidnapped. Everyone could see what was happening and that poor Christine was kidnapped.（该句中 that 不可省略，因为 what 引导的宾语从句将 that 引导的宾语从句与它相应的动词see 隔开了。 ） I suppose (that) the play is successful and that it
39、 is worth seeing.（同样是宾语从句，第一个分句（that）the play is isuccessful 中的 that 可以省略，因其紧跟在动词 suppose 之后；而第二个分句 that it is worth seeing 中的 that 必须保留。 ）如：（2）that 引导形容词宾语从句。如： I was glad (that) I arrived in time. At first, she was unaware (that) the Phantom was a man.2：引导名词性从句的 that 不可省略的情况：（1）that 引导主语从句。如： That
40、 he did it by himself is quite clear. It flattered her greatly that she was called Dr. Harrison.（2）that 引导表语从句。如：His wish is that he would become a teacher.（3）that 引导同位语从句。如：The news that he has won the match is very exciting.（4）that 引导介词宾语从句。与动词之后宾语从句和形容词之后的宾语从句不同，置于介词 in，except ，but 等后面的名词性从句须保留连词
41、 that。如：She knows nothing about her husbands journey except that he will be back in mid July.问题四：if 与 whether 的区别是什么?1：引导的从句不同：（1）if 既可引导条件状语从句，表示“如果” ；又可引导名词性从句中的动词宾语从句，表表示“是否” 。如： I dont know if she will come tomorrow but if she comes, please inform us.（第一个 if 引导的是动词 know 的宾语从句，解释为“是否” ；第二个 if 引导的
42、是条件状语从句，解释为“如果” 。 ） Let us know if you can finish the article when the deadline comes.（由于 if 既可用来引导条个件状语从句，表示“如果” ，又可引导宾语从句，表示“是否” ，故上句可有两种释义：一为“如果你能在最后期限到来求时完成那篇文章，通知我们” ；一为“让我们知道你是否能在最后期限到来时完成那篇文章。 ”）（2）whether 可引导所有名词性从句，表示“是否” 。 Whether he needs it is a different matter.（主语从句） It has not been de
43、cided whether we will go by train or by plane.（主语从句） The question is whether the price is worth paying.（表语从句） That question whether the equipment meets our needs should have been considered earlier. (同位语从句） She cant decide whether / if she should get married.（动词宾语从句） I am in doubt about whether I sh
44、ould accept his gift.（介词宾语从句） I feel doubtful whether you can get any help from him.（形容词宾语从句）2：其它用 whether 的情况：（1）在 whether or not 或 whether . or not 结构中。如： He could not decicle whether or not to apologize to her. He was not sure whether she would receive him or not.（2）用于不定式前面。如：I dont kndow whether
45、 to accept or (to) refuse.问题五：如何辨别同位语从句和定语从句？同位语从句很容易与定语从句相混淆，因为两者位置相同，都出现在一个名词之后，而且，引导词 that 既可引导定语从句，也可引导同位语从句。根据以下两点可以判别同位语从句与定语从句：1：判断 that 在从句中是否充当成分：引导定语从句的关系代词 that 在从句中必定充当主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略；而引导同位语从句的连词 that 仅起一个连词作用，无任何语法和词汇意义，且不可省略。如：The news (that) he told me is not true.（定语从句）The news that he
46、 is going to get married is not true.（同位语从名）2：同位语从句解释前面名词的具体内容，故在意义上可与前面的名词划上等号；而定语从句则对前面名词起修饰作用。问题六：名词性从句和定语从句如何互换？前面提到过名词性从句中有一类名词性关系分句，它通常相当于一个包含定语从句的名词短语。因此我们往往可以将一一句名词性从句转变为一个名词或代词加上一句定语从句，反之亦可。如： Ill do what I can do to help you. = Ill do all (that) I can do to help you. Show me where they are
47、 having the program recorded.= Show me the place where they are having the program recorded.问题七：如何辩析名词性从句和状语从句？在连接词的使用上，名词性从句与状语从句有重复之处，但两者的性质是有根本区题别的。下面以 when 和 where 为例看一下它们在这两类从句中的用法。 The whole city was sleeping when the earthquake took place.（时间状语从句） Tell me when he slipped away.（名词性从句 - 宾语从旬） Y
48、ou may go where / wherever you like.（地点状语从句） This is where I first met him.（名词性从句一表语从问题）问题八：whatever, whoever 等能否与 no matter what / who 互换？whatever, whoever, whomever 和 whichever 既可引导名词性从句中的名词性关系分句，又可引导让步状语从句；而 no matter what, no matter who, no matter whom 和 no matter which 只能引导让步状语从句。换句话说，引导名词性从句时，
49、只能用 whatever, whoever, whomever 和 whichever；而引导让步状语从句时，既可用 whatever, whoever, whomever 和whichever，也可用 no matter what, no matter who, no matter whom 和 no matter which。如： We will never be held back by difficulties, whatever / no matter what they might be. I believe whatever you said. Whoever cleans the blackboard will be praised.问题九：如何选择 wh-和 wh-ever？两者的区别在于含义上。一般表示无定指意义用-ever 的形式，如 whatever, whichever, whoever 等意为“无论什么 / 哪个 / 谁 .”；而表示有定指意义用不带-ever 的 w
