1、LESSON FIVE,LEDGER ACCOUNTS,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Ledger 总账 分类账 A collection of accounts of similar type. Traditionally a ledger was a large book with separate pages for each account. In modern systems , ledgers may consist of separate cards or computer records.,New Words, Phrases and
2、 Special Terms,The most common ledgers are the nominal ledger containing the impersonal accounts, the debtors (or sales) ledger containing the accounts of an organizations customers , and the creditors (or purchases ) ledger containing the accounts of an organizations supplies.,New Words, Phrases an
3、d Special Terms,Nominal ledger 名义账户（general ledger 总账） The ledger containing the nominal accounts（名义账户） and real accounts （实账户） necessary to prepare the accounts of an organization. This ledger is distinguished from the personal ledgers, such as the debtors ledger（债务人分类账，销售分类账） and creditors ledger（
4、债权人分类账）, which contain the accounts of customers and supplies respectively.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Nominal account 名义账户 A ledger account that is not a personal account in that it bears the name of a concept , e.g. light and heat, bad debts, investments, etc., rather than the name of a
5、person . These accounts are normally grouped in the nominal ledger.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Personal account 业主往来账户 Accounts used to record transactions with persons , for example , debtors and creditors.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Real accounts 实账户 A ledger account for some t
6、ypes of property (e.g. land and buildings , plant , investments, stock) to distinguish it from a nominal account, which would be for revenue or expense items (e.g. sales, motor expenses, discount received, etc.) This distinction is now largely obsolete （陈旧的，作废的）and both sets of accounts are maintain
7、ed in the same ledger, usually referred to as the nominal ledger.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Debit 借方 An entry on the left-hand side of an account in double-entry book-keeping that increases either the assets or the recorded expenditure of the organization keeping the book. In the case of
8、a bank account , a debit shows an outflow of funds from the account.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Credit 信用 The reputation and financial standing of a person or organization. 信用额度 The sum of money that a trader allows a customer before requiring payment. 信用能力 The ability of members of the pu
9、blic to purchase goods with money borrowed from finance companies, banks, and other money lenders. 贷方分录 An entry on the right-hand side of an account in double-entry book-keeping ,showing a positive asset.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Two-column cash book 两栏式现金笔记簿 A cash book that records re
10、ceipts and payments made but does not record discounts allowed (销货折扣）and discounts received购货折扣）.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Three-column cash book 三栏式现金登记簿 A cash book in which details of discounts allowed and discounts received are included in addition to receipts and payments made. Peri
11、odically these totals will be posted to the discounts allowed and received accounts, respectively.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Double-entry book-keeping 复式记账 A method of recording the transactions of a business in a set of accounts, such that every transaction has a dual aspect and therefor
12、e needs to be recorded in at least two accounts. For example, when a person (debtor) pays cash to a business for goods he has purchased, the cash held by the business is increased and the amount due from the debtor is decreased by the same amount; similarly , when a purchase is made on credit , the
13、stock is decreased and the amount owing to creditors is increased by the same amount. This double aspect enables the business to be controlled because all the books of accounts must balance.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Journal 日记账 A book of prime entry in which transfers to be made from one
14、 account to another are recorded. It is used for transfers not recorded in any other of the books of prime entry , such as the sales day book or the cash book.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Chart of accounts 账户表 A detailed listing of all the accounts used by an organization, showing classific
15、ations and sub classifications. For example, each letter or number in an account code will indicate a feature , such as transaction type and the department responsible.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Control accounts 控制账户 Accounts in which the balances are designed to equal the aggregate of th
16、e balances on a substantial number of subsidiary accounts. Examples are the sales ledger control account (or total debtors account), in which the balance equals the aggregate of all the individual debtors account, the purchase ledger control account (or total creditors account), which performs the s
17、ame function for creditors, and the stock control account, whose balance should equal the aggregate of the balances on the stock accounts for each item of stock.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,This is achieved by entering in the control accounts the totals of all the individual entries made in
18、 the subsidiary accounts. The purpose is twofold: to obtain total figures of debtors, creditors, stock, etc., at any given time, without adding up all the balances on the individual records, and to have a crosscheck on the accuracy of the subsidiary records.,New Words, Phrases and Special Terms,Perp
19、etual inventory 永续盘存 The process of keeping records in a stock ledger or on a bin card （货仓卡片，库存记录）in which the balance of the quantity in stock is entered after each receipt or issue of stock. In some systems the value of the stock balance is also entered after each transaction.,Sentences,Increase i
20、n asset and expense accounts are debit entries, while increases in liability, owners equity and revenue accounts are credit entries.,Sentences,As a means of formal recording, we shall use a set of journals, or records of original entry, in which business transactions are analyzed in terms of debits and credits and recorded in chronological order.,
