1、GRE基础写作,刘淼, 人人：刘淼Ella weibo:字母的困惑,http:/www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/prepare/analytical_writing 作业1,推荐书目：,the Little, Brown Handbook9th 李特布朗英文写作手册 中文简释版 H.Ramsey Fowler ,Jane E.Aaron编著 新GRE写作思路剖析与题库精讲张雷冬,作业2：,第1单元：写作过程 第2单元：批判性思考、阅读和写作 （1,2 浏览并做笔记） 第4单元：语法结构 第5单元：明晰的句子 第6单元：好句子 第9单元：有力的表达 （4,5,6,
2、9搭出框架，仔细分析每一小知识点后附的例子）,一. AW( analytical writing),Argument 你的任务：根据题目要求,检查作者推理思路，发现推理过程是否有误，讨论作者在文中体现的逻辑合理性。 重点分析或质疑，评价每个环节的充分性，而不是批判、反对。,需要做的是：,所使用的证据、支撑或证明是什么evidence 明确陈述、声明或总结了哪些内容conclusion 设想或假定的且可能没有证明或证据的内容有哪些stated assumption 哪些内容没有明确提出但可以从已知信息中获取 unstated assumption,不需要做的是：,讨论论证中的陈述是否正确 赞同或
3、反对文中的立场 对该主题表达自己的看法,Argument常见句型,The argument is problematic/specious/flawed in several respects/aspects/grounds, rendering the argument unconvincing as it stands.,As the following discussion shows, the authors argument is not well supported by the evidence.,The author makes certain dubious/suspecta
4、ble/false assumption that The author dubiously/suspectably/falsely assumes that,It is (entirely/equally/quite) possible that Another possibility is that Perhaps/possibly/maybe,Cause/ account for/ be due to/be responsible for/ lead to/ result in/ contribute to,Profitability is a function of both reve
5、nue and expense. Without weighing revenue against expenses, the arguments conclusion is premature.,Yet logic and common sense informs me that the results might have been due instead to one or more other factors.,While a high correlation is strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is no
6、t sufficient. A correlation between does not necessarily infer a causal relationship.,Common sense and experience indicate us this is not the case and that a variety of other factors also play major roles.,issue 要求：就一般性话题提出一个观点，题目中包含如何就该话题进行回应提出明确的写作要求。,Issue 你需要做的是： 评估这个话题 考虑复杂性 通过推理和实例展开论证以支持自己的观点
7、。,Issue与argument写作要求比较：,Issue要你提出自己观点并提供论据支持自己的观点。 Argument要你评估别人的论证，对其观点和提供的证据的评定。,Argument题干构成,从宏观上看(macro) 1. background 2. argument 3. direction questions, alternatives, assumptions, evidences,题目从微观上看（micro）： evidence 证据assumption 假设conclusion 结论,Argument Introduction：,方法一： 对题目中出现逻辑错误的原文进行转述质疑转述
8、质疑 或者先说质疑再转述它问题的内容,方法二： 文章结论论据漏洞,Argument范文分析（OG范文） 首段结构： 结论+评论； 论据+评论；,Argument Body:,一. Mention（真） 二. Assumption（假） 三. Possibility（削弱） 四. Evaluation（正，负） 五. Suggestion（修改意见）,Argument范文分析,正文1结构： M+E+P+S 正文2结构： A+E+P+S 正文3结构： A+P+S,Argument Ending:,方法一：Paraphrase错误内容或直接指出出现的错误类型并给出希望和提出建议 方法二：指出结论产生
9、的正面影响并评论文章是有错误的。 方法三:抑或没有结尾。,argument范文结尾结构： 正面影响+评论文章（文章内容是有逻辑漏洞的）,issue题目要求及写作框架：,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement m
10、ight or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which a
11、dopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.,文章结构,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that cou
12、ld be used to challenge your position.,Discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree wit
13、h the claim and reason, on which that claim is based.,文章结构,Discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. I developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences sha
14、pe your position.,文章结构,Issue,审题：direction 破题：定义关键词,Issue Introduction,Leading statement介绍主题吸引读者注意 Thesis statement阐述观点阐述body的分论点,Issue范文分析（OG范文） 第一段： 介绍主题（科技和人类思考间关系） +（surely）科技对生活产生的影响 +进一步扩展的影响（revolutionize） +举例（汽车、电脑、无线网络） +再次表明立场,第二段： 重述题目 +挖掘题目成立的前提 +举例（汽车、电脑、无线网络） +给出tech让人们思考能力下降的原因,Technol
15、ogy changed human life,car,computer,Mobile phone,Technology changed human life,statement,第三段： TS+让步（科技带来了convenience） +让步：具体为efficient +科技没有阻止人类思考能力（重述TS） +科技让人们更自由处理新问题，而且它本身产生新问题（subpoint） +举例子 +问题需要人们无限制的想象,Rebuttal,New issue raised,automobile,Global warming,oppression,New issue raised,正文2： TS+分论
16、点1+例子+总结+分论点2+例子+总结 正文3： TS+进一步解释说明 +例证（tech牛） +根除天花,Issue Ending:,Summary =position paraphrase Significance/importance/meaning,结尾： +题干的前半句（科技） +题干的后半句(人类解决问题) +科技和人类解决问题之间的关系,整体文章结构,Relied on tech, human fails to think creatively,Tech changes human life,Car/computer/ mobile phone,Tech short circuit
17、s human thinking,New issues arisen,Tech does not deteriorate human thinking,imagination,Hope to humanity,WebMD,Interdisciplinary,smallpox,Tech, in spite of some shortcomings, still boosts civilization forward,四.常见argument句型,In the memo/poll, recommends/suggests/advices/proposes that. The author cite
18、s various evidences to justify the claim that.,On the basis of /resting on this evidence/this line of reasoning, the author infers/implies/forecasts/indicates/ reasons/expects/assumes/predicts states/claims/asserts/projects,But further careful analyze of the evidence find it doesnt help to surport t
19、his suggestion. 错误: analysis, is found, support,正确： However, close scrutiny of this evidence reveals that it lends little support for the recommendation. Reveal-convey, disclose, demonstrate, cast/throw light on/upon, illuminate, signify, justify, confirm, indicate,To support this assertion the auth
20、or first point., acknowledge The argument is unbelivable in logic in 3 important ways. 错误: points, and acknowledges, logically unbelievable,正确： To support this assertion, the author first notes, and acknowledges that this argument logically unconvincing in three critical respects.,Unconvincing: unpe
21、rsuasive, incredible, weak, vain Critical: significant, essential, crucial, vital, key, decisive, substantial, indispensable, imperative,However for close scrutiny of this evidence and reasoning process finds them for editorials conclusion provide incredible support. Just these questions weaken the
22、speakers argument. 吓人,However, close scrutiny of this evidence and the line of reasoning reveals that they provide little credible/unsubstantiated support for the editorials conclusion. Together, these problems serve to undermine the speakers argument.,However：but/yet/nevertheless/nonetheless /unfor
23、tunately Undermine: weaken, impair, abate,The articles author cannot make any sound recommendation to 改写：The articles author fail to make any sound recommendation to ,Sound: convincing, reliable, firm, credible, substantiated Recommendation: proposal, proposition, offer, suggestion, advice,Because t
24、he applicant has not given the enough response his claim is stand no feet. 错误： 逗号，has not adequately responded, untenable,正确： Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that.is untenable.,Untenable: indefensible, unsustainable, weak, on shaky ground, invalid, flawed,
25、 specious,Without more marketing information about, it is difficult to evaluate how valuable the suggestion of the memo is.,Without more marketing information about ., it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation.,Assess: estimate, evaluate, appraise Merit: advantage, virtue, bene
26、fit, strength,二. 段落,1. 好的段落 Unity：完整 完整就段落的内容而言。为了使一个段落的内容完整，它所有的句子必须围绕着一个中心主题进行叙述。中心主题往往由一中心点出，即所谓的主题句。,练习： Leading sentence +不是 +而是 +(TS),The beginning problem of the argument involving., the dean overlooks a series of possible reasons. 错误：involves, ;/, and,改写：,A threshold problem with the argumen
27、t involves; the dean overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for a myriad of: various, a variety of, a range of, diverse, numerous,In either event, the author could not persuasively support the claim resting on the fact.,改写：,In either event, the author could not justifiably rely on mere fact th
28、atto back up the claim. Support：back up, hold, maintain, prop up,Since the owner has not considered the possibilities, the owners assertion is not serious.,改写：,Since the owner has failed to consider/ ruled out these possibilities, his/her assertion that.cannot be seriously taken.,The nationwide stud
29、y about does not necessarily apply to About: concerning, relating to, as to, involving, regarding, with the regard to,The statistical reliable of results is have question. 改写：The statistical reliability of results is questionable.,Reliability: dependability, trustworthiness, steadfastness Questionab
30、le: dubious, doubtful, problematic,2. Coherence：连贯 是指段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落中的句子应该条理清晰，层次分明，衔接自然流畅。只有做到这些，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白他（她）要讲的意思。,练习： Leading sentence + topic sentence +(for example) carried wooden images of themselves +(certainly) laying the tombstones,The number of participants cannot as a sufficiently s
31、mall sample to draw any reliable conclusion.,改写：,The number of participants might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusion. Draw: reach, lead, arrive at, come to,Whatever happens, it is impossible to estimate the evidence without specific information about percentage
32、.,改写：,In either case, it is impractical to weigh the evidence regardless of more specific information about percentage.,Impossible: unfeasible, impractical, unattainable, unachievable, out of the question, unrealizable, unreasonable,Without: in/under no circumstances of;on no condition/account of;Re
33、gardless of; lack of; in the absence of,3. Transition: 过渡 在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间恰当的过渡，整个段落的连贯性仍然受到影响。,练习： LS +例子1(hitler) +例子2（Nixon） +总结(TS),Without from different geographic location of other sample, it cannot accept about longtong assertion.,Without additional samples from dive
34、rse geographic locations, I can not accept the authors sweeping generalization about. Accept: recognize, admit, approve, acknowledge sweeping: wide, broad, extensive,Lack of additional information about cited studies, these studies give no credible support to the conclusion that Give: lend,experimen
35、ts methodological and statistical reliability Evidence of In the absence of unjustifiable,Without evidence of the experiments methodological and statistical reliability, the speakers conclusion is unjustifiable. Unjustifiable: indefensible, unwarrantable, untenable,If no consider and research the po
36、ssibility, the suggestion of the publisher is 改写： If the possibility is not considered and researched, is hasty.,改写：,It would be hasty to implement the publishers suggestion in the absence of caring about and exploring this possible scenario.,Consider: think about, care about, be concerned about, ta
37、ke into account, mull over, reflect on, deliberate, contemplate, ponder, bear in mind Carry out: putinto effect; implement; bring into force,2. 段落的展开举例和归纳类比和对比原因和结果分类定义,举例和归纳 通过举例来展开段落，可以使中心句的抽象意思具体化，给读者留下一个清晰、有趣、深刻和信服的印象。,TS + (for example) if +(or) if +(moreover) if+（of course）让步,TS +例子Ford+对后代人造成
38、影响 +例子Bill Gates+对当代、后代人造成影响,To sum up, the argument is defective in logic, so it can not be persuasive.,改写： In sum, the argument is logically flawed and therefore unconvincing as it stands.,Flawed: faulty, defective, unsound, blemished, imperfect Therefore: thus, hence, consequently, as a consequen
39、ce, accordingly, as a result, as a result of,To strengthen it, he must provide clearer evidence that Strengthen : boost, bolster, reinforce, sustain Provide: furnish, render, supply, state,2. 类比与对比 类比: 指出同一范围的事物之间或者几个人之间的相似之处。 对比: 用于指出他们之间的不同之处。,TS+例子+正面影响 （转折）+负面影响1,2,3,TS+ 夸+正面影响+负面影响1,2,3+如何应对负面影
40、响,on the basis of the few evidences, the editorials author cannot prove the recommendation is proper. 用一个词替换：cannot prove is proper,改写：,on the basis of/resting on the scant evidences, the editorials author cannot justify recommendation. On the basis of: on the ground of; according to Scant：inadequat
41、e, slight，negligible, scarce,To efficiently assess the mayors projections accuracy, it needs to know more information on 错误：the accuracy of the majors projection, it needs?,改写：,To better assess the accuracy of the mayors projection, we need more information/ details concerning Concerning: relating t
42、o, regarding, with regard to, as to, involving,3. 原因和结果 分析原因和结果要求理由充分，逻辑性强。在进行分析时，要尽量做到讨论全面和选材缜密。,TS+原因1+原因2,TS+原因+结果+例子+总结,better evaluate the reliability study the authors conclusion depends upon the study I would need more information.,To better evaluate the reliability of study the authors concl
43、usion depends upon, I would need more information.,改写：,To better evaluate the reliability of study upon which the authors conclusion depends, I would need more information. Evaluate: assess, weigh up, estimate，appraise,In light of between the 2 studies For the apparent difference a variety of other
44、explanations The assertion is untenable,The assertion is untenable in light of a variety of alternative explanations for the apparent discrepancy between the 2 studies.,In light of: by virtue of; for the sake of; in view of; ascribing to; attributing to; arising from Discrepancy: conflict; unconform
45、ity,4. 分类 分类就是根据事物的特点分别归类。使用分类方法展开段落的关键在于把握好类别的对应性。,Learning 1 Learning 2 Learning 3,TS+ young children+students+employees,To strengthen it, the arguments proponent must consider and eliminate all other possible explanation for Strengthen: boost, bolster, reinforce, sustain,Consider: think about, ca
46、re about, be concerned about, mull over, reflect on, deliberate, contemplate, take into account, ponder, bear in mind,In sum, the editorial relies on a potentially weak analogy as well as a series of unwarranted claims. Weak: unsound, unconvincing, unreliable, infirm, incredible, unsubstantiated,Unw
47、arranted: unjustifiable, untenable, indefensible, unsustainable, weak, on shaky ground, invalid, flawed,5. 定义 有时候为了避免对一个不熟悉的多义的词、术语或概念产生疑问或误解，需要阐述它的定义。 三种方式下定义：同义词；一句话；一个段落。,政治领袖和道德领袖是联系的 +我认为不相关 +原因 +例子,现代性的定义 +举例：语言法律,三. 句型,主语谓语（及物）宾语1宾语2 （双宾语） 该句型又叫双宾语句型。宾语1是表示人，宾语2表示物。如果把宾语1放在宾语2之后，要加一介词。 主语谓语（及
48、物）宾语宾补（复合宾语） 该句型又叫复合宾语句型。宾补是补充说明宾语的。宾补一般由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语充当。,students in the class keep their eyes closed. I want him to come in.,make the boy president make you a cake We must keep the classroom clean. He gave Tom a piece of paper.,Any developmental psychologist would convince that socializati
49、on with other children plays a critical role in any childs understanding and psychological development of self. (宾语从句) Critical: key, crucial, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable,History informs us basic human nature has not changed, this history lesson help us understand and be more tolerant of one another, as well as developing compassionate responses to the problems and failings of others. 错误：句与句之间连词；动词形式；developing？,
