1、戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 1必修三四语法复习重难点讲解：高一英语必修三中的主要语法点有：被动语态，动词不定式和定语从句，另外还涉及了主谓一致、间接引语及连接词的用法。一、被动语态专题复习（一）被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由 be过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：（1）am/is/are +done （过去分词） 一般现在时例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2）has /have
2、 been done 现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.（3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here.（4）was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.（5）had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last yea
3、r, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.（6）was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was there.（7）shall/will be done 一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.（8）should/would be done 过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it a
4、rrived.（9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July.（10）should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式（1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-
5、sitter.（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3）当“ 动词+ 宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught
6、 smoking a cigarette.（4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 2例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词” ， “
7、动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态（一般时态和完成时态） 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.（二）如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者（这时可省 by 短语） 。例 My bike was stole
8、n last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）（三）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说 ”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose,
9、 think 等可以用于句型“Itbe 过去分词that 从句”或“主语be 过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说，It is reported that据报道， It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。 例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have
10、passed the national exam. ）（四）谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch ，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write ，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock. （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked. （指不会有人来锁门，指 “
11、门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行 ”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reaso
12、nable.（五）非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 31. 在 need，want ，require, hear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.这房子需要修理。2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth rea
13、ding.（The picture-book is very worthy to be read.）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.（to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。）试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。 ）4.
14、 在某些 “形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.5. 在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive （for me）to b
15、uy.6. 在 there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose（to be lost）.（用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。 ）7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的影响，下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?（六）介词
16、in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中” 。常见的有： under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中） , under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中） 。例 The building is under construction（is being constructed）.2.“beyond
17、+名词”结构， “出乎胜过、范围、限度 ”。常见的有：beyond belief （令人难以置信） ， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及） ，beyond ones control（无法控制） ，beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rum our is beyond belief（=cant be believed）.3.“above+名词” 结构，表示 “（品质、行为、能力等） 超过、高于”。例 His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be prais
18、ed enough.4.“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale（出售）, for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5.“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中） ，in sight（在视野范围内） ，等。 例 The book is not yet in print.（=is not yet printed）6.“on+名词”结构, 表示 “在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale（出售） ，on show（展出）, 戴氏教育蜀汉
19、路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 4on trial（受审） 。Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7.“out of+名词 ”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control （控制不了） ，out of sight （超出视线之外） ，out of ones reach（够不着）, out of fashion（不流行）等。 例 The plane was out of control （cant be controlled）. 。8.“within
20、+名词”结构， “在内、不超过”。例 He took two days off within the teachers permission.（七）被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例 The glass is broken. （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy. （被动语态）2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为
21、被动语态。例 The door is locked. （系表结构）The door has already/just been locked. （被动语态）3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词 be 只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired.【典型例题】1. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析（1） In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. （NMET1993）A. is serving B. is served C. serves D.
22、 served（2） This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.（ NMET2002）A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing（3） Have you moved into the new house? Not yet, the rooms _. （NMET1991 ） A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painti
23、ng（4）When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春 2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided（5）The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D.
24、 have been booked二. 高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。（1）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. （NMET2002）戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 5A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen（2）While sh
25、opping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海 1996）A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded（3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame练一练：1. T
26、he computers on the table _ Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to2. What do you think of the book?Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caught
27、C. being caught D. to catch4. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked5. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching【模拟试题】1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be h
28、eard even at dinner.A. are not kept；will have to B. are not kept；haveC. do not keep；will have to D. do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developed B. have developedC. are being developed D. will have been developed3. _ the spor
29、ts meet might be put off.Yes， it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed5. Rain forests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from t
30、he earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brok
31、enC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 69. That suit _ over 60 dollars
32、.A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost10. Look! Everything here is under construction.Whats the pretty small house that _ for?A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building11. Do you like the material?Yes, it _ very soft.A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt12. It is diffi
33、cult for a foreigner _ Chinese.A. write B. to write C. to be written D. written13. I have no more letters _ ，thank you.A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. typed14. Take care! Dont drop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily.A. wont wash out B. wont be washed outC. isnt washed out D. isnt washing
34、out15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _.A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go ou 高中英语语法复习 必修四Unit 主谓一致主谓一致知识总结归纳（一）概述：主语与谓语的一致：在英语表达中，谓语动词的形式要和主语的人称和数保持一致。主要体现在动词，助动词 do,have 以及一般现在时态中的动词形式。谓语动词与主语保持一致的基本原则：语法一致，就近一致和意义一致。名词或代词做主语有人称和单，复数之分，动词的单数就
35、是第三人称单数形式，而动词的复数形式动词的原形。例句：1. I am seventeen,and he is sixteen.2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.3. John gets up at six oclock every morning.4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.（二）语法一致：1. 由 and 连接的两个名词或代词做主语
36、：（1）这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。例句： My brother and I have both seen that film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 7 Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.（2）这部分主语表示具有两个身
37、份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. War and peace is a constant theme in history. One more knife and fork is needed. The statesman and poet was engage din warfare all his life. Law and or derhas been established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fi
38、sh and chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is thenational flag of U.S.A.（3）这部分主语前面有 each, every,many a,no 等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句： Each doctor and（each）nurse was givena new shirt. No sound and no voiceis heard. Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake. Every minute and every second
39、is precious.2. 动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： Reading is a great pleasurein life. Tolive means to create. That we need more time is obvious. What is neededis food and medicine.3. 表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式 。例句： Three thousand miles is along distance. Eight hours of sleep is enough.
40、4. 不定代词 anyone, anything, everyone,everything, someone,something, noone, nothing, each theother 等做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： Is anybody goingtotell him the news ? Someone wants to see you.（三）就近原则由连词 or, eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also, 连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句：1. Either you or Jean is
41、to besentto New Zea land.2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 84. GeorgeorTomis wanted.注意：There be 句型中 be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。例句：1. There are nt any letters in the
42、 mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.名词后面带有 with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as,ratherthan 短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句：1. All but one were here just now.2. A libra
43、ry with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.3. An expert,together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.4. You as well as I are wrong.（四）意义一致1. 代词 none, neither, all 的不可数形式还是复数形式由它们指的内容决定例句：（1）All hope has gone.（2）All are agreed on this point.（3）Is there any milk in
44、 the fridge? No, there is none.（4）None has returned from the meeting.2. 集合名词 group, class,family, army, enemy,team 等名词的单，复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。例句：（1）The class were all cheerful.（2）The team were taking over some new plays.（3）The group are reading the newspapers.（4）The army is going tore main in this town.（
45、5）The army have rescued the travelers.3. 限定词短语 all of; none of; a lot of; 以及分数/百分数+of .修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时，谓语动词的形式由 of 后面的名词形式决定。例句：（1）None of the sesuggestions are very helpful.（2）I dont think any of us wants to work tomorrow.（3）Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries
46、.难点突破1. 主谓一致的考查主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。一定要根据句子内容抓住关键的主语部分。同时还要考虑句子的时态和语态。2. One of+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词与复数名词一致。戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师高一英语必修三四语法复习 93. The only one of+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例句：Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.Jim was the only on
47、e of the boys who was late for class.【典型例题】例 1 E-mail, as well as telephones,_an important partindaily communication.A. is playing B. Have played C. Are playing D. play例 2 Either John or his friends _ to blame for the bad results.A. are B. is C. was D. Has been例 3 The conductorand composer_by a crow
48、d of people.A. Are greeted B. is greeted C. greets D. Have been greeted例 4 The trousers _you well, madam.But thecolour_me.A. fit; dont suit B. fits; doesnt suit C. fits; dontsuit D. fit;doesntsuit例 5 The Smiths family, which _ rathera large one, _ very fond of theiroldhouse.A. were; were B. was; were C. were; was D. was; was例 6 He is
