1、第 1 页 共 23 页非谓语动词（一）分词【基本概念】1. 对英语动词的基本认识英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如 下。时态 （按高考要求共九个时态）谓语动词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态）语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气）主谓一致动词动词不定式非谓语动词 分词 （现在分词和过去分词）动名词非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。2.分词的语法作用分词分现在分词和过去
2、分词两类，具有形容词和副词的语法功能，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。例 1：The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.(P.51, Senior Book 2B)句中的现在分词 encouraging 充当句子的表语。例 2：The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B)Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of dea
3、th. (P.52, Senior Book2A)现在分词 performing 作后置定语，修饰 the people; 过去分词 polluted 作定语修饰 rivers and lakes。例 3：So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B)现在分词短语 preferring to give up the fortune that would one day co
4、me to him 作状语，表示 he left France and went to live in England 的原因。Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. (P.14 Senior Book2B)过去分词短语 well known for his expert advice 也充当状语，表示原因。分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。Well known for his ex
5、pert advice = Because he was known for his expert advice,显然，按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。例 4：They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.第 2 页 共 23 页(P.16, Senior Book2B)I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P
6、.16 Senior Book2B)The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A)以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语,其中第三句的 shut 在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补,改为被动语态后,主动语态的宾语 gate 变为被动语态的主语,因此语法上称之为 “主补” 。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分，然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中，宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的 man 是宾语，和宾语补足语 lying on
7、 the floor 之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，man 发出 lying on the floor 的动作。第二句中 it 是宾语，同宾语补足语 fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall 具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系。【关键知识】学习分词的知识只要抓住现在分词同过去分词的区别这一关键环节，其他问题便可迎刃而解。区别现在分词和过去分词的方法主要有两点：2. 掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。分词做定语时，看分词同它所修饰的名词或代词的关系。分词所修饰的名词或代词同分为主谓关系时，用现在分词；分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为动宾
8、关系时，用过去分词。There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. (P.46, Senior Book1A)过去分词短语 broadcast on TV or the radio in China 作定语修饰 programmes, broadcast 同它所修饰的名词 programmes 具有动宾关系，即 broadcast programmes on TV or the radio，因此必须用过去分词。Two days later I received a
9、 letter offering me the job. (P.34-35, Senior Book2B)现在分词短语 offering me the job 是名词 letter 的定语，offering 同它所修饰的名词 letter具有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果将现在分词短语转换成定语从句，这种“主谓关系”则更为明确：Two days later I received a letter which offered me the job。分词做宾语补足语时，看分词同宾语补足语的关系。主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。You often see musicians performing i
10、n the streets. (P.54, Senior Book2B)宾语 musicians 和宾语补足语 performing 具有逻辑上的主谓关系，musicians 发出perform 的动作，宾语补足语必须用现在分词。Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. (P.14, Senior Book2A)作宾语补足语的过去分词 understood 同宾语 ourselves 为动宾关系，即 understand our
11、selves，此处的意思是“使我们自己被别人所理解”。分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致。据此，辨别现在分词和过去分词的区别要看分词同句子主语的逻辑关系，主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. (P.14, Senior Book2A)现在分词短语 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式状语修饰谓语动词 eat。之所以用现在分词，是因为 using
12、 同句子的主语 you 有逻辑上的主谓关系。换言之，句子的主第 3 页 共 23 页语 you 既发出谓语动作 eat，又发出非谓语动词 using 所表示的动作。Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. ( P.15 Senior Book2B)过去分词短语 locked in your room 充当 spend the night 的方式状语。lock 同句子的主语Dr. Watson and I 的逻辑关系为动宾关系“lock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。分词作状语时同句子主语
13、之间的逻辑关系较难理解，再看以下例句，注意分词短语同句子主语之间的逻辑关系。The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. (P.58, Senior Book2B)Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemists s
14、hop and bought some special medicine. (P. 58 , Senior Book2B)Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (P.17, Senior Book2B)The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson. (P.17, Senior Book2B)3. 分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分词的两种方法。分词作表语时，现在分词表示主语的特征；过去分词表示主语所处的状态
15、。The temperature is 15C. It is freezing outside. ( P.51, Senior Book2B)现在分词 freezing 作表语，表示主语“天气”的特征。Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. ( P.51, Senior Book2B )which 代表先行词 the stone figures 的含义，在定语从句中作主语。 frightening 是系动词 look 的表语，表示主语 the stone figures
16、的形象特征。One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. (P.52, Senior Book2A )过去分词 polluted 作表语，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的状况。surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等动词具有共同的特点，他们的意思都是“使（人）怎么样”。这类动词充当表语时区别现在分词或过去分词的方法比较简单：如果主语是表示“人” 的词语，表语用过去分词；主语是表示“事”或“ 物”的词语，表语用现在分词。We were getting v
17、ery worried. (P.61, Senior Book2A )“The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened. (P.69, Senior Book2A)以上两句的主语分别是 “we”和 “Mrs. Cousins”，表语用过去分词 worried 和frightened。The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. (P.51, Senior Book2B)主语是表示“事物” 的词语 th
18、e news，表语用现在分词 encouraging。【相关知识及其运用】在语言实践中，我们还会遇到许多关于分词使用的具体疑难问题。以下选用高考试题或各地模拟试题为例，集中讨论一些常见的语言现象。1.现在分词被动式同过去分词的区别现在分词同过去分词的基本区别可见下表。时间概念 语态概念现在分词 进行或与谓语动作同时 主动概念过去分词 完成 被动概念第 4 页 共 23 页但现在分词被动式 being done 也表示被动，在语态概念上与过去分词相同，因此区别就只在于时间概念了。Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. (
19、1987 年高考试题)A. invited B. to invitedC. being invited D. inviting试题分析：试题意图是考察分词作定语的知识，句子主语的汉语意思为“受到邀请出席晚会的大多数人” 。选项 A、C 均表示被动，区别在于 invited 表示“已经受到邀请出席晚会”；being invited 表示“ 正在受到邀请出席晚会”。句子是一般过去时，因此答案为 A。2.分词作定语同不定式作定语的区别不定式作定语在时间概念上表示“将要”，这是他们之间最根本的区别。The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a fore
20、ign language came out in the 16th century. ( 1994 年高考试题)A. having written B. to be writtenC. being written D. written试题分析：选项 A 为现在分词完成式，同其所修饰的主语 textbooks 具有逻辑上的动宾关系，没有被动形式，不可能考虑；选项 B 为不定式的被动式，在时间概念上表示将来，与句子的时态不符，必须排除；选项 C 为现在分词被动式，在时间概念上表示“进行“，不能满足试题要求；选项 D written 既表示被动又表示完成，切合试题要求，是正确答案。3.介词 with
21、 后的宾语补足语介词 with 具有一般介词都不具备的语法功能， with 后面可以带 “宾语+宾语补足语”的结构。In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. (P.14, Senior Book2A)介词后的宾语补足语同动词后的宾语补足语没有区别，在试题中只要善于识别便不难理解，The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. (1991 年高考试题)A. being tied B. having tiedC
22、. to be tied D. tied答案为 D。下面一道试题具有一定难度。With his son _, the old man felt unhappy. (北京西城区试题一)A. to disappoint B. to be disappointedC. disappointing D. being disappointed试题分析：宾语补足语如果选用被动式，意思为“他的儿子自己感到失望”；如果选择现在分词，意思为“他的儿子令别人感到失望”。正确答案为 C。4.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主
23、语合称独立主格结构。关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。The key_，she went through her handbag carefully.（2000 年长沙模拟试题）A. hadnt been found B. having not been foundC. not having been found D. wasnt found试题分析：选项 A、D 均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除。选项 B 是现在第 5 页 共 23 页分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否定
24、形式，not 必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。not having been found 同其逻辑主语 the key 构成独立主格结构，作原因状语。本试题中句子的主语 she 不能充当分词的逻辑主语。_ you should have no trouble with the difficult work. (北京崇文区统一练习一)A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing thisC. From knowing this D. If you have knowing this试题分析：分词作状语时一般都可以转换为状语从句。本试题的选项 B、D 作为条件状语从句，
25、时态不正确，应该排除。选项 A 的 knowing this 的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory? (2001 年广州市综合测试一)A. they found many mistakes in the reportB. Sam made lots of mistakes in the reportC. There are plenty of mistakes in the reportD. The report is full of mistakes试题分析：这时一道非常典型的试
26、题。四个选项均为完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词 written 的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到 the report was written in a hurry, 试题的答案不言自明。5.现在分词作宾语补足语时同不定式作宾语补足语的区别动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe 等可以用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但意思有区别。不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程已经完成；现在分词作宾
27、语补足语表示动作在谓语动作发生的瞬间正在进行。The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. (1994 年高考试题)A. playing B. to be playingC. play D. to play试题分析：本试题意在考查分词作宾语补足语的知识，试题使用被动语态使我们不容易意识到试题的意图。 “这些丢失的孩子们最后被看到的瞬间正在河边玩”，句子的意思决定了只能选择 playing 作宾语补足语。如果选择 play，则表示动作业已完成，与试题的意思不符。非谓语动词（二）动名词【基本概念】1.现行高中教材中将动名词和现在分词统称为-in
28、g 形式。这样处理英语传统语法项目的初衷是简化语法术语、淡化语法概念，让学生更多地通过语感掌握其用法。然而，在教学实践中却遇到了另外一些不好解决的问题。其一，取消了“现在分词”的概念之后，增加了“现在分词和过去分词的区别”这一关键知识的教学难度：其二，混淆动名词和现在分词的概念使得属于动名词范围的一些细节问题的教学不容易开展，如动名词做宾语的问题、分词和动名词的逻辑主语问题等。现在分词和动名词都可以做定语和表语，概念却有所不同。遇到这些问题完全可以采取淡化或者回避的办法，就如同我们很少强调形容词做定语、表语同名词做定语、表语的区别一样。学生能够领悟其中的区别更好，不能理解也无关紧要。2.动名词
29、在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。第 6 页 共 23 页例 1：动名词做主语Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. (P.16, Senior Book2A)Checking information is very important. (P.20, Senior Book2A)Doing this
30、 can save a lot of time and money. (P.20, Senior Book2A)Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. (P.22, Senior Book2A)例 2：动名词做宾语After a short while he started directing films himself. (P.26, Senior Book2A)Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. (P.2, Senior Book2A)例
31、3：动名词做介词的宾语Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. (P.3, Senior Book 1B )after 在句中为介词，动名词 opening 做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词 its 是动名词的逻辑主语。The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child. (P.38, Senior Book2)I was pleased that the ma
32、nager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. (P.35, Senior Book2B)having been 是动名词 being 的完成式，做介词 for 的宾语。【关键知识】动名词一章的关键知识是动名词做宾语同不定式做宾语的区别。这种区别根据“约定俗成”的原则成为语法规则，因此没有过多的道理可讲。牢牢记住这些规则，在语言实践中能够熟练地运用，便是最好的学习方法。1.下列动词只能用动名词做宾语， 不能用不定式：suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid,
33、require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, cant help, risk 等。Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. (P.22, Senior Book2A)Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play. (P.25, Senior Book2A)2.一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。remember, forget
34、, regret 后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。remember to do 表示记住要去做某事；remember doing 表示记得曾经做过某事。regret doing 表示后悔做了某事；regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉） 。- The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot _. (1991 年全国高考试题)A. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off答
35、案为 C。句子的意思是“ 我刚才忘记了关灯”， “关灯”的动作没有发生。- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.- Well, now I regret _ that. （1995 年全国高考试题）A. to do B. to be doingC. to have done D. having done答案为 D。having done 是动名词 doing 的完成式，表示该动作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是“后悔在会议上提出反对意见”。第 7 页 共 23 页try to do 表示“设法做”（克服困难、障碍努力做）
36、；try doing 表示“试着做”（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以） 。The little time we have together we try _ wisely. (上海市 1995 年高考试题)A. spending it B. to spend itC. to spend D. spending thatthe little time we have together 是 spend 的宾语，前置以示强调。正确的答案为 C。like (love) to do 表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing 表示倾向性的动作。Little Tom should l
37、ove _ to the theatre this evening. （1992 年全国高考试题）A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taken答案为 A。时间状语暗示了应该考虑 “一次性动作”。本试题中 little Tom 和谓语动词take(带领) 为动宾关系，必须注意被动概念的使用。动词 need 的用法同动名词做宾语有密切的关系。a)当主语是表示“人” 的词语时， need 的宾语用动词不定式的一般式，这时不定式同句子的主语也是主谓关系。Right now you need to stay still until help comes
38、. ( P.43, Senior Book2B)但是，也有少数句子 need 的宾语同句子的主语构成动宾关系，这时 need 的宾语可以用动名词或不定式的被动式：The patient will need looking after.b)当主语是表示“事”或“ 物” 的词语时，主语同 need 往往为动宾关系。这时，用 need to be done 或 need doing 均可，但要注意 need doing 是用动名词的主动式表示被动的概念。These shoes need repairing.These shoes need to be repaired.You have come j
39、ust in time to help us.”“Fine. What needs _?” (1985 年广东高考试题)A. I do B. doneC. to be done D. to do答案为 C。what 是句子的主语，表示事物。stop to do 和 stop doing 的语法结构不同，因此意思也就不同。stop doing 中的 doing 是动名词做宾语，表示 stop 动作的对象，意思为 “停止做某事”。Stop to do 中的不定式 to do 是目的状语，表示“停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事”。“Lets have a break.“Not now. I dont
40、want to stop _ yet.“ （1985 年广东高考试题）A. study B. to studyC. for studying D. studying答案为 D。mean doing 的意思是“意谓着”、 “就是”。I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office.(P.13, Senior Book2B)Missing the train means waiting for an hour.mean to do 的意思是“意欲做”或“ 打算做”。What do you mean to do?【相关知识及其
41、运用】1.动名词的逻辑主语第 8 页 共 23 页动名词的逻辑主语表示动名词所代表的动作是谁做的。动名词逻辑主语规范的表达形式是：无生命的内容用名词的一般形式。有生命的内容如果是名词，用该名词的所有格；如果是代词，则用形容词性物主代词。He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.译文：他总是坚持让别人称呼他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。his 是动名词 being called 的逻辑主语，但同 call 构成被动关系。如果是主动关系应为call him Dr. Turner。再看下列两道试题
42、：They insisted on _ a thorough rest before going back to work.A. him to take B. he tookC. his taking D. his taken答案为 C。_ made her mother very angry.A. Helens married Jack B. Helen has married JackC. Helen marrying Jack D. Helens marrying Jack答案为 D。2.动名词的完成式所有非谓语动词的完成式都表示非谓语动作先于谓语动作，动名词的完成式也不例外。Tony
43、was very unhappy for _ to the party. （2000 年上海市高考试题）A. having not been invited B. not having invitedC. having not invited D. not having been invited答案为 D。having been invited 是动名词的完成被动式，表示否定的 not 必须放在动名词结构的最前面。3.动名词的被动式动名词的被动式同现在分词的被动式相同-being done。 动名词被动式的使用主要看动名词和句子主语的逻辑关系：主谓关系用主动式，动宾关系用被动式。While s
44、hopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （1996 年上海市高考试题）A. to persuade B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuadedcant help 后必须用动名词做宾语，persuade 同句子主语 people 具有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此答案 C 正确。He dare not go home for fear of _ .A. punishing B. punished C. being punishe
45、d D. to be punished正确答案为 C。4.动名词做介词宾语时应注意的问题动名词做介词的宾语一般情况同做动词的宾语没有区别。应注意的是，下列短语中的to 不是动词不定式的符号，而是介词，因此如果需要使用动词的非谓语形式，必须使用动名词。look forward to 盼望、预期 be (get) used to 习惯于object to 反对 devoteto 献身于、专心于get down to 认真着手进行、认真处理They have just come here to get down to repairing the road.第 9 页 共 23 页We are loo
46、king forward to hearing from you.Do you object to my closing the window?非谓语动词（三）不定式【基本概念】不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，具有名词、形容词、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。1.不定式做主语。不定式做主语时，通常使用形式主语。而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and t
47、ypists who are already using it. (P.25, Senior Book3)How long will it take you to complete the trip? (P.9, Senior Book2B)2.不定式做宾语。I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar. (P.7, Senior Book3)Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valle
48、ys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. （P.20, Senior Book3 ）不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：有宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. (P.10, Senior Book2B)以上句子中，it 为形式宾语；difficult 为宾语补足语；不定式短语 to get a clear picture of space 是真宾语。3.不定式做表语It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed thei
