1、The Republic The Republic (excerpt): the allegory(寓言） of cave. The Allegory of the Cave describes four stages through which a person has to pass to get a sound education. These stages are distinguished by what a learner is able to see.Images(delusion)-perceptibleThe internal development of our facul
2、ties and our organs is the education of nature; the use that we are taught to make of this development is the education of men; And what we acquire from our own experience about the objects which affect us is the education of things.(天性，我们是无法控制的，社会，我们也只能控制某些方面，而人的教育则是我们能完全掌控的）The one alone in whom t
3、hey all coincide at the same point and tend to the same ends reaches his goal and lives consistently. He alone is well raised.what is the goal? Its the same as that of nature. Since the conjunction of the three education is necessary to their perfection, the two others must be directed toward the on
4、e over which we have no power.(社会及人的教育应该遵循天性，教育顺应儿童天性发展）2.Habit vs. nature;Nature is habit, but as soon as the situation change, habit ceases and the nature return.Education is certainly just habit. The education make us more become capable of using our senses and more enlightened. (教育交给我们习惯）The ori
5、ginal disposition is nature. 3.Making a man vs. making a citizen;Rousseau thinks that, one must choose to between making a man or a citizen, for one cannot make both at the same time.(教育的目的是培养自然人）Nature man is entirely for himself; a man act as he speaks; a man always be decisive in making his choic
6、e and stick to it. The citizen is determined by the whole social institution.In the nature, the men are equal and capable to do all jobs; but in the society, the citizens have class and are limited in the specific jobs, no freedom. 4.Public and common education vs. individual and domestic educationP
7、ublic education is like the Platos republic. Plato only purified the heart of man; Lycurgus denatured it. The education of society is fit only for making double men.The Democratic Conception in Education: 1.What is democracy? What are two traits of a democratic society? What is democratic education?
8、（1）It is not just a form of government, but primarily a mode of social life that is unique in providing an adequate setting for human flourishing.（2） 2. What are the strengths and critics of the Platonic educational philosophy? 3.What are the strengths and critics of the “individualistic” ideal of t
9、he eighteenth century? 4. What are the strengths and critics of the institutional idealistic philosophy of the nineteenth century? 5.What is Deweys philosophy of education?Banking v. Problem-solving Models of EducationWhat is banking mode of education?This relationship involves a narrating Subject (
10、the teacher) and patient, listening objects (the students). The contents, whether values or empirical dimensions of reality, tend in the process of being narrated to become lifeless and petrified.The teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable. Hi
11、s task is to fill the students with the contents of his narration.What is problem-solving mode of education?Paulo Freire felt that for the learner to move from object to Subject, he or she needed to be involved in dialogical action with the teacher. Dialogic action has two basic dimensions, reflecti
12、on and action.Dialogue cannot exist without humility. Dialogue in itself is a co-operative activity involving respect.Dialogue is a give and take of ideas, a sharing.What are students and teachers roles in these two modes of education? “ Teacher-students and student teachers are continually reflecti
13、ng on themselves and the world, establishing “an authentic form of thought and action.” Banking education, which emphasizes the teachers role as the active one in the teacher-learner relationship is an anti-dialogical approach. It serves the oppressor by denying the learner an active role in the lea
14、rning.Can you associate Freires theory to todays educational practices?Milton Friedman: The Role of Government in Education 1. What is governments role in education? What are the justifications?continuing to operate a limited number of schools in areas where they are particularly needed 2. What role
15、 do Friedman propose for the government? What are the justifications（正当化）?the governments role should be limited to ensuring that minimum content standards are met. 3. Neighborhood effect, school choice, voucher(代金券）,(1)benefits beyond those enjoyed by students and their families（邻里效应指地方社会环境的特点可以影响人
16、们的思想和行为的方式）(2)Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operated schools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of school vouchers.（3）Government could require a minimum level of schooling financed by giving parents a specific maximum sum per child per year if spent on “approv
17、e” education services.Parents would then be free to spend this sum to choose schools.教育券是政府把原来直接投入公立学校的教育经费按照生均单位成本折算以后，以面额固定的有价证券（即教育券）的形式直接发放给家庭或学生，学生凭教育券自由 选择政府所认可的学校（公立学校或私立学校）就读，不再受学区的限制，教育券可以冲抵全部或部分学费，学校凭收到的教育券到政府部门兑换教育经费，用于支付 办学经费。在弗里德曼教育券理论中，家长与学生的选择权是其核心和基石。有了教育券，家长可以“在任何一个愿意接受他的子女的学校使用凭单，不
18、论是私立的，还是公立的，也不论是在他们 居住的地区、城市或州，还是在其他地区、城市或州。这样，不仅将给每位家长较多的选择机会，同 时也迫使公立学校通过收学 费而自筹资金（凭单金额等于全部教育开支，则学校必须完全自筹资金，如果不等于全部教育开支，则学校必须部分地自酬资金）。这样，不仅公立学校之间要展开竞争，而且 还要同私立学校竞争。 ”Philip W. Jackson: Real Teaching What are the four approaches of defining teaching? What do you think of them?Generic approach（too b
19、road)Epistemic(知识的） approach（transmission of knowledge)Consensual approach(交感性的，两方意愿下成立的）：it is only in a democratic society, or one in the process of becoming so, that teaching can be carried on. Evolutionary approach：There is no unequivocal definition of teaching that holds for all time and all pl
20、aces. After reading this chapter, how would you perceived the act of defining teaching? How would you understand teaching?Terence H. McLaughlin: Beyond the Reflective Teacher the nature, scope（范围） and aims of reflection the two continua concerning the nature of reflectionNel Noddings: The One-Caring
21、 as Teacher the four steps of teaching the ethics（道德伦理） of careDialogue-modeling-practice-confirmation1.An essential part of caring that we could not model caring without engaging in it. Dialogue can help us evaluate our attempts to care2.We need to show the students how to care.“We do not merely te
22、ll them to care and give them texts to read on the subject, we demonstrate our caring in our relations with them”3.we need to give students practice in caring and then reflect on that practice. 4.Confirmation is important because it encouraging the acts of caring.Noddings believes that first we need
23、 to state our main aim of education is to produce competent, caring peopleTake care of affiliative needs -Relax the impulse to control give teachers, students, and parents more room to experiment, then learn from this.Provide excellent, enriching programs for all children college and non-college bou
24、ndGive part of everyday to themes of careTeach By Example!A Discourse on Grading the three species of grading and the functions that each of them criticism, evaluation, and ranking.1.A teacher who criticizes a students work for concentrating upon unimportant issues, or for using terms which are uncl
25、ear, or for ignoring certain kinds of evidents, inevitably expresses his own normative commitment.2.Issues judgments of absolute merit based on independent standards of excellence3.A linear ordering based on comparative judgments of the performances of different students. Final exam: Multiple Choice: 20 pointsFilling the blanks: 20 pointsDefinition of terms: 20 points.Answer the questions: 40 points
