1、高中英语语法解析-定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。Awho指人，在定语从句中作主语。What was the name of the man who lent you
2、 the money. / He who laughs lst laughs best. / The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.Bwhom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom 可省略或可用 who 来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用 whom。There are some people (whom/who)we like and others (whom/who) we dislike. / Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone
3、 last night, is very interested in or plan. （非限制性定语从句中不能用 who代替 whom）/ Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. （在介词后面不用 who）Cwhose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。There are some people whose faces you can never forget. / I saw some trees whose leaves were black because o
4、f the polluted air.Dwhich1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。English is a language which is easy to learn.（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）This is a folk song which is now very popular.（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）The river which flows through London is the Thames.（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）The children like cookies (which) my wife
5、 makes. (关系代词 which 作 makes 的宾语，可省略)2which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于 and this。Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是 the driving test）Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity.（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是 the party）3which 在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。John stayed here for a wee
6、k, during which time we visited the West Lake together. / It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing.Ethat指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略） 。He is the man that lives next door.（定语从句修饰先行词 the man，作主语）I dont like stories that have unhappy endings.（定语从句修饰先行词 s
7、tories，作主语）The dress (that) Ann bought doesnt fit her very well.（定语从句修饰先行词 the dress，that 作宾语可省略）Is there anything (that) I can do for you.（定语从句修饰先行词 anything，that 作宾语，可省略）提示：在口语中，that 有时还可以作关系副词，相当于 when 或介词+which 结构。We left the day (that) he arrived.（that 替 when）/ He doesnt see things the way (tha
8、t) we see them.（ that 代替 in which） / Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car!（that 代替 at which）F其他关系代词as 和 but 也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。1asas 可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。在限制性定语从句中，as 可跟在由 such, so, the same 修饰的先行词之后。Such men as heard him were deeply moved.（as 在定语从句中作 heard 的主语）Ive never heard such stories a
9、s he tells.（as 在定语从句中作 tell 的宾语）He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.（as 在定语从句中 lift 的宾语）比较：在 the same as 结构中，as 也可用 that 代替。但严格地说，the same as 强调相同，the same that 注重同一。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.（as 指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys we
10、dding.（that 指的是与先行词同一事物）在非限制性定语从句中，as 可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China. / He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent.必背：一些由 as 引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。as is known to all 这是众所周知的 as has been said before 如前所说as is often the case 情况常常如此 as may
11、 be imagined 这可以想象得出as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 as often happens 这种情况常常发生2butbut 作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于 that not, who not或 which not。There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.（but = who not ） There are very few but are against war.（but = who not）G介词+关系代词引
12、导的定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。1.介词+关系代词中介词的位置关系代词 whom, which 在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who 不可以） ，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. / The school in whic
13、h he once worked is a key school. = The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school. / The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. = The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.2介词+关系代词的常见结
14、构介词+which / whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked. / Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.名词+ of+ which / whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue.（也可用 whose cover）数词+o + which / whomShes got three lucky pens, two of which she never use
15、s. / In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women.代词+of + which / whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad. / There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. / Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents.
16、/ Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 最高级+of + which / whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.介词+which+名词He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows. / His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had
17、 to give up the chance of going abroad.3关系代词前介词的选择在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。The two things of which they felt proud were Jims watch and Dellas hair.（feel proud of 是固定搭配词组）In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.（turn to sb. for help 是固定搭配词组
18、）根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。Ill never forget the ay on which I first met him. (the day 前面一般用介词 on)Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used. (a situation 前面一般用 in)有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。Galileo made a telescope through which he could tudy the sky. (study the sky through the te
19、lescope)Is that the house in which you once lived. (live in the house)根据所要表达的意思来确定。This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you. / The family, who are fond of music, go to the conce
20、rt once a month. / He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well.（one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式）He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.（the (only) one the very one the right one of +复数名词+关系代词 引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）二、关系副引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有 when,where 或 why 等。whe
21、n,where,why 分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which 结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。Awhen指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school. (when= on which)He came at a time when we needed him most. (when= at which)We will never forget the year 1949, when th Peoples Republic of China was founded.
22、(when= in which)Bwhere指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。I recently went back to the town where I was born. (where = in which)I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine. (where = in which)Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday (where = at which)Cwhy指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。Please te
23、ll me the reason why you missed the plane. (why = for which)Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 注意:无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。【误】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday.这就是我借的书。 （that 在定语从句中取代了先行词 the book，作 borrowed
24、的宾语，因此要去掉 it）【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practice their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practice their spoken English. 英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。 （where 在定语从句中取代了先行词 the pace，作go 的状语，因此，要去掉 there）三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句根据定语从句在句中所起的
25、作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。A限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。This is the boy who broke the window.（the boy 是先行词， who broke the indow 是限制性定语从句，明确指出 the boy 是打破窗子的那个孩子） I have a book which teaches English grammar.（a book 是先行词，which teaches English grammar 是限制性定
26、语从句，修饰 the book） The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.（定语从句 whom you met in the hall定先行词 the people）B非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.（I 是先行词，who am your friend 是非限制性定语从句，对先行词 I 起附加说明的作用） New
27、Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all.（which is known to us all 是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明）C在下列情况下，通常使用非限制性定语从句。1当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star.Last year I visted the Peoples Great Hall, where many important meetings are h
28、eld every year. 2当定语从句修饰整个主句时。Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows. /The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected. 3当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身指示意义十分明确时。 Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.I congratulate my neighbor, whose son has just won the election.四、关系代词和关系副词
29、的选用引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用，比较复杂除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成份外，还要根据习惯用法而定。A只用 who在下列情况下，一般不能用 that 代替 who。1在非限制定语从句中。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 2先行词是 one, anyone, those 时。One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth. / Anyone who
30、 breaks the law shall be published. / Those who are against the plan put up your hands please. 3在 there / here be 开头的句子中。 Here is a boy who wants to see you. 4先词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。 Dont tell anyone about the secret who oughtnt to know. / I was the only person in my office who was invited.B 只用 which / who
31、m在下列情况下，一般不能用 that 代替 which / whom。1在非限制性定语从句中。 The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected. 2介词后面。关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用 which 或 whom，不能用 that。 He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view. / Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.
32、/ They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldnt answer. C只用 that在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用 that 引导1当先行词为 everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little 等词时，或当先行词被 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等词修饰时。Everything that they said was true. / He is dead and theres nothing that c
33、an be done. / There was little that we could do to help her. / These walls are all that remain of the ancient city. 提示：something 后面可用 which 引导定语从句。 There is something (which / that) Id like to tell you. 2当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben. She was probab
34、ly the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught. 3当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. / Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of. 4当先行词为 who 或前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时。Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense. / Who is the ma
35、n that is standing by the gate. / Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 提示：关系词在定语从句中有三大作用1. 连接作用连接先行词和定语从句。I gave her all the money that I had.（that 连接先特词 money 和定语从句 I had）2. 替代作用在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。The man who lives next door is a famous teacher.（who 替代 the man）3. 成分作用在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。I like pict
36、ures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style.（which 在定语从句中作主语）4当先行词为人与事物或动物时。The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered. / The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 5先行词在定语从句中做表语时。She is no longer the sweet g
37、irl (that) she used to be. / He is not the man (that) he seems. D关系副词与关系代词的选择当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.（when 作状语）I will never forget the days which we spent together.（which 作 we spent 宾语）I know a pl
38、ace where we can have a picnic.（where 作状语）I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.（which 作主语）E关系词的省略在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。1关系代词 that, which, who, whom 在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。Are these keys (that which) you were looking for The man (who / that) I was sitting next to on the pla
39、ne talked all the time. 2以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由 in which 或 that 引导，而且通常可以省略。I dont like the way (that in which) she walks. The way (that in which) he answered the questions was surprising. 3在 the time when, the place where, the reason why 结构中，when, where, why 可省略。I shall never forget the day (whe
40、n) we first met. Thats the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country. F定语从句与强调句型的区别1强调句型中的 it 是个引导词，本身没有意义。如果去掉 it is / was that，句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整。定语从句中的 it 是指示代词，做主句的主语。如果去掉 it is / was that，句子结构不完整，意思也完整。It is a question that needs careful consideration.（定语从句）It is novels that she enjoys rea
41、ding.（强调句型）2在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句；在定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词或名词短语。It was because she was ill that we decided t return. （强调句型） Was it in this palace that the last emperor died （强调句型） Was it this palace where the last emperor died （定语从句）3有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句，这往往给理解带来一定的难度。解决方法是仔细分析that 或 who 在句中的作用。It was in th
42、e lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment.（that was set up last year 是定语从句，that 在从句中作主语，并可被 which 替换）It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest.（who came rom our school 是定语从句，who 在从句中作主语）G定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，起限定作用。而同位语从
43、句等同于它所修饰的名词，是名词性的，其功能是对所修饰的名词作补充说明。It is a fact (that) you cant deny.（定语从句）It is a fact that she has done her best.（同位语从句）2在定语从句中，that 代先行词，在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当某个句子成分，在作宾语时通常可省略。而在同位语从句中，that 只起连接主句和从句的作用，无意义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不可省。The news (that) we heard spread all over the school campus.（定语从句）The news that
44、 Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位从句）定语从句典型练习题Choose the best answers:1. He is one of the boys who often _ to the cinema.A. go B. goes C. has gone D. have gone2. He is the only one of the boys who _a film before.A. doesnt see B. dont seeC. hasnt seen D. havent seen3. Is this the mus
45、eum _ you visited the other day ?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one4. Is this museum _ you visited last Wednesday ?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one5. Is this the museum _ your mother works ?A. that B. where C. which D. the one6. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadn
46、t been cleaned for at least a year.A. these B. those C. that D. which 7. All of us want to know the reason _ he failed in the examination.A. as B. for C. because D. why8. I dont believe the reason _ he has given for his being late.A. for B. because C. why D. which9. Toms mother kept telling him that
47、 he should study harder, but _ didnt help.A. he B. she C. which D. it10. The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it11. The film brought the days back to me _ I lived happily with my grandparents in the small village. A. when B. where C. that
48、 D. what12. The boy _ is in trouble needs our help.A. which B. whom C. whose D. who 13. Is this the reason _ for his being late for school?A. he gave B. what he gave C. how he gave D. why he gave14. You should be very careful in the street _ there are so many cars.A. whose B. which C. where D. that1
49、5. Is that the old man, standing by the window, _ they have treated badly for a long time?A. which B. why C. whom D. whose16. All the Chinese were excited in 1949 _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.A. when B. which C. that D. where17. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which1
