定语从句讲义及练习.doc

1、定语从句讲义及练习一、总概 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词；被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导。 .关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。 关系副词有：when, where, why 等。 关系代词和关系副词的选用取决于先行词及它们在定语从句中的语法成份 1.关系代词 先行词 在定语从句中充当的语法成份 1）Who 人 主语 Whom 人 宾语 Whose 人或物 定语 Which 物 主语或宾语 That 人或物 主语或宾语 2.关系副词

2、 先行词 在定语从句中充当的语法成份 When 表时间的名词 时间状语 Where 表地点的名词 地点状语 Why 表原因的名词 原因状语 That 用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和“介词+ which“可作关系副词 3. 关系代词引导的定语从句。 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： -Is he the man who/that wa

3、nts to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（作主语） -He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。 （作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that

4、 它们所代替的先行词是指事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： -A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 （which / that 在句中作宾语） -The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语) 当关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时，可把关系代词省掉 4. 关系副词引导的定语从句

5、关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于“ 介词+ which“结构，因此常常和“介词+ which“结构交替使用，例如： -There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 -Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 -Is this the reason why (for which) he refused ou

6、r offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that 代替关系副词 that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和“介词+ which“引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略，例如： -His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 -He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前

7、居住过的地方。 5. 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： -This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. -Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错 - This is the mountain village where I visited last year. -I will never forget the da

8、ys when I spent in the countryside. -This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. -Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状 )，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

9、例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 6 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： -This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 （限制性） -The house, which we boug

10、ht last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性） 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： -Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. -My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 -This novel, which I have read three times, is very touc

11、hing. 这本小说很动人，我已读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时 as 和 which 代替的是整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首， which 在句中。并且从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： -He seems not to have grasped what I meant, (=and that)which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 -Liquid water changes to vapor, which (=and that) is calle

12、d evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 7介词+关系词 (介词前置：关系代词如果在定语从句中充当介词的宾语，可把介词前置到关系代词的前面，形成介词+关系代词的结构) 1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that 前不能有介词。 3）如果关系代词是动词短语的宾语，动词短语的介词不能前置 错误用法：This is the girl of whom he will take care. 正确用法：This is the gril whom he will take care of 4）某些在从句中充当时间，地

13、点或原因状语的“介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。 -This is the house in which I lived two years ago. -This is the house where I lived two years ago. -Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? - Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 另外还应注意的是: way 后常用 that 代替 in which，也可省略 that -I real

14、ly dont like the way (that) he talks. -That was the way in which the old lady looked after us. of which 起形容词的作用，相当于 whose（用来指物） They live in a house whose door (the door of which) opens to the south. 相同的先行词在表示不同的含义时，要根据其含义用不同的介词。 -I cant remember the age at which he won the prize.我记不起他获得奖金的年纪 -That

15、is the age in which people live in peace and happiness. 那正是人们生活在和平幸福的时期 （age 在前句中意为“年岁“，与 at 搭配，在后句中意为 “时期“，与 in 搭配。 ） 先行词或定语从句中的动词、形容词要根据不同的具体语境选择适当的介词。 -This is the bus on which the accident happened. 这是发交通意外的那辆巴士 -This is the bus by which I came to this town. 这是我搭程去镇上的巴士 8 Which 和 that 的选用 1）当先行词

16、是不定代词(everything , something , anything , little , much)时，只能用 that Is there anything that I can help you? 有什么我可以帮你的吗？ 2)当先行词被序数词所修饰时，只能用 that This is the second book that was written by the writter. 这是那个作者写的第二本书 3)当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，只能用 that This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好的电影 4)当

17、先行词前有限定词(or , every , a few , noly , some , very 等) 修饰时，只能用 that This is the only film that I wanted to see. 那正是我唯一想看的电影 5）在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which 6）先行词既有人，又有物时，只能用 that 7)当介词前置时，只能用 which(P5-2) 8)在非限制定语从句，只能用 which(并在前用 ，号与主句隔开) 9 But 引导的定语从句相当于一个否定从句 There is no one but knows about the mat

18、ter. 没有人不知道这事 10. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1）同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。 -The news that l hove passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。 ） -The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的” 那个消息，而不是别的消息。 ） 2) 引

19、导同位语从句的 that 是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的 that 是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如： The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。 （that 在从句中不充当任何成份。 ） The idea that he gave surprises many people 他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 （that 在从句中作 gave 的宾语。 ） 二、As 和 which 在引导定语从句

20、时的区别 1.在限制性定语从句中的区别： A. as 的用法：其通常和 such the same 连用，代指物在从句中做主语或宾语 -This is the same pen as I bought yesterday。 这种笔和我昨天买的笔一样（同样的但不是同一个） 。从句的关系词在从句中做宾语，先行词被 the same 所修饰所以用 as 引导 注意：上句与下句的区别 This is the same pen that I used yesterday.这就是昨天我使用的那一支钢笔（指的是同一个） 。 -I studied in the same school as she did i

21、n Beijing. 我和他在北京的同一所学校就读。 引导定语从句的关系词在从句中做宾语，因先行词被 the same 所修饰所以用 as 引导 -I want to have such a dictionary as he has. 我想要一本和他的一样的字典。 -the same as : He is just the same as he use to be.他还是和过去一样 -suchas : Such passengers as survived the explosing were drowned.象那些在爆炸中幸免遇难的乘客都被淹死了 -asas : As many as we

22、found were taken to the hospital.我们找到多少就送到医院 B. which 的用法： 关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时通常可以省略（直接做介词的宾语时除外，不能省。 ） 2.在非限制性定语从句中的区别： C. as 的用法： as 在引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代替整个句子或一件事，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，意为“正如 ，就像，据”；从句位置可置于主句之前或之后，有时也可作为插入语置于句中，一般用逗号和主句隔开。as 的这种用法常见于以下这些结构: as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is（wel

23、l) known,as may be imagined,as often happens,as has been said before,as was mentioned above,as is often the case,as/indeed it is,etc. -As is well known，great changes have taken place in China.or:Great changes,as is well known,have taken place in China.( as 在定语从句中作主语。 ） -This experiment is very simpl

24、e，as indeed it is.实验非常简单，事实上也确实如此。(as在定语从句中作表语。 ） 注意： which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，也有和 as 一样的功能，可以代替整个句子，但 which 只能用在主句之后。 在 as 所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果用的是被动语态结构，be 动词可以省略；但 which 没有此用法，be 动词不可省。如:She married him，which was unexpected.She married him as（was) unexpected.她嫁给了她，这一点大家都没有料到。 （作主语，代替前面的句子；用 which 时 was 不可省。

25、 ） -The Pacific is the largest ocean,as we all know. -As we expect, we won the game. (as 在从句中做主语，代指整个主句。) -The earth is round, as we all know. (as 在从句中做 know 的宾语，其代指整个主句。) -As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. as 在从句中做主语，指整个主句。D. which 的用法： 关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语，代指人或物。 当代指整个主句时表示的意思是主句

26、和从句之间是因果关系即因为所以。 其引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 非限制性从句的引导词指代前面整个句子，在从句中作主语，如果谓语是 BE 动词，可以用 as,也可以用 which，如果谓语是行为动词，只能用 which 引导。 -Tom suddenly fell ill, which made us sad. -The road was too slippery,which caused lots of accidents. -He was angry, which made him cry. 他太生气了以至于他哭了起来。 三、 易混易错定语从句练习 有些定语从句方面的题，如果不

27、仔细审题、不弄清句意和句子结构，就很可能把一些似是而非的东西搞混，从而降低解题的准确性。要想解决这个问题就得从准确理解句意和理清句子结构入手。 1Who lives in the house windows face south？ Who lives in the house the windows face south？ Awhose Bwhich Cof which Dthat 解析：答案是AC。在句中 windows 前没有定冠词，它所缺的是定语形容词，而whose 的用法就是在定语从句中作定语且既可指人也可指物。在句中 windows 前有定冠词，所以要填的内容不能作前置定语，又因为“

28、房子的窗户” 用英语表达是“the windows of the house”，故可用 of which 引导定语从句。 2Is this factory you visited last year？ Is this the factory you visited last year？A that Bof which Cthe one Dwher 解析：答案是CA。在句中 factory 前没有定冠词，这说明 this 是作它的定语。这样，句中就缺少表语，也就是说定语从句缺少先行词，故选 C（the one 后省略了 that） 。在句中 this 作主语，the factory 作表语，其后

29、带一个 that 引导的定语从句，故选 A 3John is the only one of the students whoFrench John is one of the students who French Aknow Bknows Cknowing Dknown 解析：答案是BA。在句中的句意是“ 约翰是学生中唯一懂法语的那个学生”，其重心是 the only one 故从句谓语动词应与 one 一致。在句中的句意是“约翰是懂法语的学生中的一个”，也就是“懂法语的学生不止一个，约翰只是其中之一 ”，其重心是 the students，故从句中谓语动词应与 students 一致。

30、4When I have trouble，he is the only one I can ask for help When I have trouble，he is the only one I can go for help Awhom Bto whom Cwhich Dto who 解析：答案是AB。句中，在结构上所要添的内容在从句中作 ask 的宾语其句式是ask sbfor sth ，故用 whom 引导定语从句。在句中，go 是不及物动词其句式是 go to sbfor sth ，故用 to whom 引导定语从句。 5This is the knife I usually cu

31、t my pencil This is the knife I usually use to cut my pencil Awith which Bwhich Cby which Dwith that 解析：答案是AB。在句中，定语从句的句式是 cut my pencil with the knife，故用with which 引导定语从句。在句中，定语从句的结构是 use the knife to cut my pencil，故用 which 引导定语从句。 6Last summer he went to Beijing， he had visited twice Last summer h

32、e went to Beijing， he visited a lot of places of interest Awhich B where Cthat Dthere 解析：答案是A 或 BB 。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中应作 visited 的宾语，故应填关系代词 which 或 that。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中作地点状语，故应填关系副词 where。 7He still remember the days we spent together He still remember the days we spent the summer holidays together

33、Awhich B when Cwhere Dthat 解析：答案是AB。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中应作 spent 的宾语，故应填关系代词 which。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中作时间状语，故应填关系副词when。 8The reason he gave us was that his car broke down on the way The reason he was late was thathis car broke down on the way Awhy Bwhich Chow Dwhat 解析：答案是BA。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中应作 gave 的宾语，故应填

34、关系代词 which。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中作原因状语，故应填关系副词why。 四、高考真题再体验 1. He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. （2005 山东）A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this 2.(03上海41)I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but co

35、uldnt write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where 3.George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. （2004 北京）A. the real name B. what his real C. his real name D. whose real name 4.(03北京春季 31)We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer. A. which B. tha

36、t C. whose D. when 5.(03上海春季 32)_has been announced ,we shall have our final exams next month. A. That B. As C. It D. What 6.(02北京22)We will be shown around the city :schools ,museums ,and some other places, _other visitors seldom go. A. what B. which C. where D. when 7.(02上海31)Alec asked the police

37、man _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom 8.(02京、蒙、皖 春季35)The famous basketball star, _tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. who 9.(02上海35)Is this the reason _at the meeting for his carelessne

38、ss in his work? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 10.(01全国22)The film brought the hours back to me_I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 11.(01上海37)Hes got himself into a dangerous situation_he is likely to los

39、e control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 12. She as educated at Beijing University, _She went on to have her advanced study abroad. （06 陕西卷） A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that 13.(01上海 春季30)Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _leading actor is world famous? A. i

40、ts B. its C. whose D. which 14.(00上海28)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 15. The Beatles, _many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. ( 2006 天津卷) A. what B. that C. how D. as 16.

41、(00京、皖春季16)It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. A. that B. while C. which D. when 17. _ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. （2004 北京）A. It B. As C. That D. What 18. Helen

42、was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. （04 天津）A. who B. that C. what D. which 19. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _Chinese in the school, most _were from Germany. ( 2006 辽宁卷) A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying;

43、 of them D. studying; of whom 20. _is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. （2004 江苏） A. Which B. When C. What D. As 21. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. （2004 浙江）A. when B. where C. what D. which 22. The journey around the

44、 world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （2004 广西） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 23. I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. （2004 湖南）A. how B. which C. where D. that 24. There was _ time _ I hated to go to school

45、. （2004 湖北） Aa; that Ba; when Cthe; that Dthe; when 25. There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high . （2004 湖北） Athe larger Bthe larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger of which 26 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _are sold abroad . （2004 辽宁

46、）Aof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that 27. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.（2004 上海）A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom 28. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （04 全国 I）A. for which B. at which

47、C. in which D. on which 28. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. （2004 全国 II） A. where B. which C. when D. that 29. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （04 全国 III） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for

48、 which 30. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. （2004 全国 IV） A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which 31. Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. （2004 北京春）Ait Bthat Cthis Dwhich 32. A fast food restaurant is the place _, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. （2004 上海春） A. which B. where C. there D. what 33. _ is repor