1、语音的生理性质The physiological propertySpeech sounds are made by our speech organs, so they have a biological basis.语音是语音器官发出的，因此具有生理性质。（1）Names of speech organs: 发音器官名称：L. Lips (labia)唇T. Teeth (dentis)齿TR. Teeth ridge (Alveolus)齿龈HP. Hard palate (Palatum)硬腭SP. Soft palate (Velum)软腭U. Uvula 小舌P. Pharynx
2、咽BL. Blade of tongue（including the tip）舌叶（包括舌尖）F. Front tongue 前舌B. Back tongue 后舌E. Epiglottis 会厌FP. Food passage 食道VC. Vocal cords 声带W. Windpipe 气管(2) Makeup of speech organs and its function.发音器官构造与功能The speech organs are the speaking system which consists of the following parts:发音器官是说话的机制，包括以下部分
3、：-Breathing organs: 呼吸器官:The lungs and windpipe.肺和气管。-Larynx and vocal cords. 喉与声带。The larynx is at the upper part of the windpipe. It contains glottis in which there are vocal cords. The airstream coming from the lungs vibrate the vocal cords to make voiced sounds. If it comes through the vocal cor
4、ds without vibrating the vocal cords, voiceless sounds are produced.喉腔位于气管的顶端。喉腔内是声带。来自肺部的气流使声带振动发出浊音，如果气流没有是声带振动, 发出清音。-The resonance chamber or resonator:共鸣腔。The resonance chamber consists of three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the nasal cavity and the mouth cavity. The air coming fro
5、m the lungs may be modified in these cavities in a variety of ways. It passes through the mouth cavity or nasal cavity by pharyngeal cavity.共鸣腔包括三个重要部分：咽腔，鼻腔和口腔。来自肺部的气流在这三个腔内以各种方式发生变化。气流通过咽腔进入口腔或鼻腔。The pharyngeal cavity.咽腔。Air coming from the lungs and through the windpipe passes through the glottis
6、, a part of the larynx, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe. This is the first point where the sound modification might occur. Lying across the glottis are the vocal cords which are made up of two thin tissues. The two tissues can be held tightly together to cut off the airstream or
7、 they can be relaxed to let the air flow pass through freely. The vocal cords can be vibrated by the airstream and result in a voiced sound, or they can be kept apart to let air go through without vibration, sounds produced in this condition are voiceless sounds.来自肺部的气流由气管通过喉头。喉头是咽腔的一部分，软骨构架，位于气管上部。
8、这是语音改变发生的第一点。在喉结里，从前到后是两片纤维薄膜，叫声带。这两片纤维薄膜可以合拢，阻止气流，或分开使气流自由通过。气流可以使声带振动产生浊音，或者声带分开使气流通过时不振动声带，使用这种方法发出的是清音。The oral cavity.口腔。The greatest source of modification is the oral cavity. Mouth is a major resonator which consists of the upper jaw and lower jaw. The former involves the upper lip, upper tee
9、th, upper teeth ridge, hard and soft palates, uvula; lower jaw includes lower lip, lower teeth and the tongue. Of all these, the tongue is the most flexible organ. It can be further divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root. The obstruction between the back of the
10、 tongue and the soft palate result in the pair of sounds/k/ and /g/; the obstruction between the front of the tongue and the hard palate leads to the sound /j/. The obstruction between the tip and the teeth alveolar ridge results in the sounds /t/ and /d/, the obstruction between the front teeth and
11、 the tip of the tongue leads to the sounds/ and / /.口腔是音产生变化的主要部位，是主要的共鸣腔。口腔分上腭和下腭两个部分。上腭包括上唇，上齿，上齿龈，硬腭，软腭和小舌；下腭主要有下唇，下齿和舌。舌是所有发音器官中最活跃的器官。舌可以再分为五部分：舌尖，舌叶，前舌，后舌，舌根。后舌与软腭成阻发出/ k/ 和 /g/；前舌和硬腭成阻发出/j/ ；舌尖和齿龈成阻发出/t/ 和 /d/；舌尖和前齿成阻产生/ 和 /。Tongue.舌。 The tongue is a very important organ for the production of
12、 speech and many languages base their word for “language“ on it. It is made up of almost entirely of muscle tissue, and the muscles can get extraordinary control over the shape and movement of the tongue. The tongue is usually subdivided for the purposes of description: the furthest forward section
13、is the tip, and behind this is the blade. The widest part of the tongue is called the front, behind which is the back, which extends past the back teeth and down the forward part of the pharynx. Finally, where the tongue ends and is joined to the rear end of the lower jaw is the root, which has litt
14、le linguistic function, though it is suggested that this can moved forward and backward to change vowel quality, and that this adjustment is used in some African languages. 舌头是一个非常重要的发音器官，是许多语言文字的基础。它是由几乎全部的肌肉组织组成，肌肉可以对舌的形状和运动进行特别的控制。 为了描述语音，舌通常被进一步划分。最前部是舌尖，然后是舌叶。舌头最宽的部分被称为前舌，然后是后舌，延伸到后齿和咽部。最后，与下颌骨
15、连接的舌的部位是舌根，它几乎没有语言功能，但有人认为它可以向前和向后改变元音质量，这是用于调整一些非洲语言。The nasal cavity.鼻腔。The nasal cavity is connected with the mouth cavity. The soft palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage is blocked at some point so that the airstream is pushed out of the nose cavity. The sounds produced in thi
16、s way are nasal sounds, such as the three nasals in English /m n /. If the soft palate is raised, nasal cavity is blocked, and the air stream comes out of mouth, and oral sounds are made.鼻腔与口腔连接。软腭下垂，同时口腔通道封闭，气流从鼻腔逸出，使用这种方法发出的是鼻音，如英语中的三个鼻音：/m n /。如果软腭抬起，鼻腔封闭，气流从口腔逸出。用这种方法发出的是口腔音。-Active speech organ
17、s活跃的发音器官Some speech organs can move actively but some can not. Those that can move are referred to as active organs, those that can not move are passive speech organs.一些发音器官可以积极的移动，而另一些却不能。可以积极移动的器官叫做积极的发音器官，不能积极移动的发音器官叫做被动发音器官。The active speech organs : 积极的发音器官：Tongue, lips, soft plate, uvula, and
18、vocal cords.舌，唇，软腭，小舌和声带。The function of the soft palate:软腭的作用：It can be raised to block the nasal passage to make oral sounds, and it can also be lowered to open the nasal passage to let the air flow come out of the nasal cavity to produce nasals. It can also help to produce nasalized vowels by let
19、ting the airstream come through both nasal and oral passages. The sound produced in this way is called nasalized sound. 软腭可以抬起封闭鼻腔发出口腔音，软腭还可以下垂打开鼻腔让气流从鼻腔逸出发出鼻腔音。软腭还可以通过使气流从鼻腔和口腔同时逸出帮助发出鼻化元音。The function of lips:唇的功能：Lips can be open and closed to produce different sounds. The degree of opening has a
20、 great influence on the quality of sounds so it can result in different phonemes such as /i:/ /i/ /e/ /. Lips can be rounded to produce rounded sounds and can be spread to produce spread lipped sounds and they can also be unrounded to make some sounds. So there are three positions of the lips: round
21、ed, unrounded and spread. 唇可以张开和闭上发出不同的语音。唇打开的程度对音质有很大的影响，因此可以产生诸如/i:/ /i/ /e/ /。 唇可以呈圆形发出圆唇音，可以平展发出展唇音，也可以非圆型发出非圆唇音。2）Physical property 物理性质 Speech sounds, like all the other natural sounds, is a physical phenomenon. They have physical property: Three conditions to meet are: the vibration of the vo
22、cal cords and sounds waves and the medium (air) through which the sound can be transmit to human ears.We can deal with physical property of speech sounds by the following four aspects:语音象所有其他的自然声音一样是一种物理现象，因此具备物理特征。需要满足的三个条件是：声带的振动，声波，和媒介(空气) 。声音是通过空气这个媒介才能传到人的耳朵里。我们可以从四个方面研究语音的物理性质：Pitch : Pitch re
23、fers to the degree of height of a sound. It is determined by the frequency of the vibrations of the sounding body. The greater the number of vibrations per second, the higher is the pitch.音调：音调指的是音的高度。音高是由发音体的振动的频率决定的。每秒频率越快，音的调值越高。 Intensity: Intensity refers to the degree of strongness or loudness
24、 of a sounding body, which is measured by the amplitude of the vibration of the sounding body. The larger the amplitude, the more intense the sound.音强：音强指的是发音体音强或音响的程度。音强是通过发音体的振动的幅度决定的。振动幅度越大，音的响度越大，越强。Length: Length refers to the duration of a sound. It is determined by the time taken by the vibra
25、tion of the sounding body.音长：音长指的是音延续的时长。音长是由振动器振动时间的久暂决定的。Quality: Quality refers to the special character of a sound. It is determined by the material of the sounding body and the manner of its vibration .音质：音质指的是音的特征。音质取决于制作发音体的材料以及振动的方法。3) Social property 社会性质：Social property of speech sound ref
26、ers to the following two aspects:语音的社会属性指语音具有社会性质。语音的社会属性表现在以下两个方面:（1）ArbitraryThe meaning of the sound is decided by the people in a society and therefore it is arbitrary. For example, it is not natural but decided by the society that what meaning should be expressed by what sound. And this leads t
27、o the phenomenon that the same object in the nature has different expressions in different languages spoken by people in different societies. For example, 马 , “horseand “cheval” are different expression for the same animal in nature in Chinese , English and French languages respectively.（1）武断性语音与其所表
28、达的意义之间具有社会约定俗成的特点。语言的各种意义都要靠语音表达出来。但什么样的语音表达什么样的语义，什么样的语义由什么样的语音表达出来，这是社会约定俗成的，并不是天然的。这就导致了对大自然中同一种事物在不同的语言有不同的表达方式。例如“马”horse 与 cheval 是汉语，英语与法语中对自然界中同一种动物的不同的表达方式。 （2）SystematicIts social property is also reflected in the system of the speech sounds. Each language is consisted of a particular set
29、of phonemes and the combinations of those phonemes are also language-specific. All these language rules are decided by the given people in a given society. For example: Chinese speech system has 22 shengmu and 39 yunmu, while English language has 26 consonants and 20 vowels. In Chinese phonology, such combinations are not permitted /fi / /ki/ but in English such combination is allowed.（2）系统性语音的社会属性还表现在语音的系统性上。一种语言或方言中采用哪些语音单位来组成系统，各语音单位之间如何组合，这也是由社会约定俗成的。例如汉语中有 22 个声母(包括零声母)，39 个韵母；而英语有 20 个元音和 26 个辅音。/fi/ki/音位组合在汉语中是不允许的，但在英语中是允许的。
