1、英语四六级翻译中国传统文化专有名词一、历史文化四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in
2、 the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the s
3、ky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic s
4、pots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won peoples admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在 2000 多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家” 。从
5、孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责” 的爱国情找， “民为邦本”，“民贵君轻 ”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人” 的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2,0
6、00 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters hundred schools.” Th
7、e traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea tha
8、t the world is for all. Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”; the code of conduct of “Treat others
9、as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country
10、and the society.汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago. D
11、uring their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic bea
12、uty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the arti
13、stic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒 学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰， 中国思想史上 20 世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影 响比作西方的苏格拉底。Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.
14、 Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.红楼梦：红楼梦问世二百年以来,通过汉文原
15、文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象红楼梦这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读红楼梦，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions
16、 of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages. Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none. All
17、 literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth. And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in fam
18、ily background. They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality. They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it. In short, the reactions vary.二、传统节日春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们
19、希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续 15 天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第 7 天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year. Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes ar
20、e almost the same; they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days. Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Yea
21、r Greetings. Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因
22、为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。Ching Ming Festival (the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting. In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a se
23、ries of custom sports. According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise. Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears
24、of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中，所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地” 。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。Like most Chinese f
25、estivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tang yuan”. These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings. The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness. Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a gam
26、e to guess riddles attached to the lanterns. In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes. Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午节：端
27、午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loy
28、al and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. For thou
29、sands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说
30、古时候，天空曾有 10 个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中 9 个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month. It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck. Adults usually in
31、dulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns. The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon. According to Chinese mythology, the earth o
32、nce had 10 suns circling over it. Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth. He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal. However, his wife, Chang-E drank it. Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.三、传统事物筷子：中国人使用筷子已经有 3 000 多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜
33、的一端是圆的，象征着天；另一端是方的，象征着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks. Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which sy
34、mbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth. It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth. There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girls dowry. Kuaizi (chopsticks)
35、 is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”. According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal. As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks. It would offend ot
36、hers to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四宝：在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（ink slab），就是人们所说的“文房四宝” ，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不断趋于完善、精美，历代都有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了，但是，在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。In China, “four treasures of the s
37、tudy” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization. They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection. There is a large variety of these four treasures. Sel
38、ecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect. Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarel
39、y used for study or writhing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating ones mind.中国结：中国结（The Chinese Knot）是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现，绳结可以追朔到 10 万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼，还用来记录事件，而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（cultura
40、l connotation）。由于结在汉语中的发音与 “吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康” ，这是中国人永恒的追求，因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结（Pan-chang Knot）来装饰，象征着永恒的爱情。The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening,wraping,hunt
41、ing,fishing.Knots were also to record events,and some knots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronouced as“jie“ in Chinese similar with that of “ji“,which means blessing,good salary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everl
42、asting pursuit of Chinese people,some Chinese Knots espress peoples various hopes.For example,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.八大菜系：中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个 民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传 统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。 最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏
43、、浙、湘、徽菜系， 这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系 ”是以多种多样 的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes. Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographic
44、al environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors. The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”. Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by div
45、ersified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.四、传统艺术京剧：京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于 18 世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融 合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜 色都有象征意义：红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。Known as Chinas national opera, Peking Opera originated
46、in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces. Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world. Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art
47、 forms. It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts. It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules. Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning
48、: red suggests loyalty; blue suggests cruelty; black suggests honesty.武术：武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。/ 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。/武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。/老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫
49、又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times. It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture. As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation (IWUF) have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement. Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic
