1、学大教育1第十四章 动词的-ing 形式动词的-ing 形式包括了传统语法中所说的动名词和现在分词。一、-ing 形式的句法功能（一）作主语高考试题传真1.-What do you think made Mary so upset?-_he new bicycle.(1997,上海)A.As she lost B.LostC.Losing D.Because of losing2._is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(1992)A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk3.Once your bu
2、siness becomes international, _constantly will be part of your life.(1995,上海)A.you fly B.your flight C.flight D.flying-ing 形式(短语)作主语通常有两种位置：一种是-ing 形式短语位于句首；另一种是用 it 作形式主语，而将-ing 形式短语移到谓语之后，以避免句子结构头重脚轻。如：Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的。Learning new words is ver
3、y important for me.学习新单词对我来说非常重要。It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.和夏洛克争辩没有什么用。It is pleasant working with you. 跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。注意-ing 形式与不定式作主语时的区别-ing 形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为或动作。如：Doing nothing is doing ill.一事不做就是作恶。Its no use crying over split milk.牛奶打翻哭也无用。而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或具体意义。如：He sai
4、d, “To go on like this is no use.”他说：“继续这样下去是无用的。 ”Its an honour for me to be invited to the party.我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。教你巧学巧记:巧识动名词与不定式的区别一、I like playing football,but I dont like to play football on such a cold day. 我是喜欢踢足球的，但今天这么冷，我不想踢。动名词往往表示一般的习惯或抽象的行为，不定式则表示某个特定场合的动作。二、Our job is carrying the boxes.
5、我们的工作是搬箱子。Our job is to carry the boxes.我们(现在)的工作是搬箱子。动名词含有多次反复的意味，或是经常性的动作，搬箱子可能是我们的职业;不定式则表示一次性或临时性的动作，搬箱子只是我们现在的工作，在此之前或之后，我们的工作不一定是搬箱子。三、I dont like swimming immediately after supper.我不喜欢(你们或其它人)晚饭后马上游泳。I dont like to swim immediately after supper.我不喜欢晚饭后马上游泳。不定式的逻辑主语往往是句子的主语;而动名词的逻辑主语往往是其它人，在否定
6、句中尤为如此。四、She remembered writing to us.她记得曾给我们写过信。She remembers to write to us. 她记住要给我们写信。在某些动词后接动名词表示已经发生过某事，接不定式表示还没发生。五、We stopped talking. 我们停止谈话。We stopped to talk. 我们(停下别的事 )开始谈话。在某些动词后跟动名词或不定式意义完全相反，在上面两句中，不定式 to talk 做谓语动词的目的状语，动名词则做宾语。（二）作宾语高考试题传真1.We enjoy_very much because it is good to ou
7、r health.(1998,上海)A.swim B.to swim C.swimming D.to be swimming2.-Let me tell you something about the journalists.-Dont you remember_me the story yesterday? (1999,上海)A.told B.telling C.to tell D.to have told3.The library needs_,but it will have to wait until Sunday.(1991)学大教育2A.to prepare B.preparing
8、 C.prepared D.was preparing4.She looks forward every spring to_the flower-lined garden. (1995,上海)A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in5.-What are you going to do this afternoon?-Im thinking of_to visit my aunt.(1985)A.go B.going C.having gone D.my going6.-I usually go there by train.-Why n
9、ot_by boat for a change.(1992)A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going7.Do you remember_me at a party last year.(1984)A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met.有些动词只能跟-ing 形式(短语)作宾语，不能跟不定式短语作宾语。这类动词常见的有：consider,dislike,delay,enjoy,escape,finish,cannot help,imagine, keep(on), mind, miss, pra
10、ctise, cannot stand, suggest 等。如：Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考虑过找一位挚友。He disliked fighting in any form.他不喜欢任何形式的打架斗殴。I enjoy learning about new things.我喜欢了解新鲜事物。-ing 形式(短语)除了可作动词的宾语外，还可作介词宾语。如：He studied ways of keeping seeds.他研究了种子的保存方法。She was very interested in working f
11、or our company.她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。教你巧学巧记:巧记“动词+动名词”结构在英语中，有些及物动词（组）只能接动名词（组）或动名词短语作宾语，而不能跟动词不定式。为帮助同学们巧记此类动词（组） ，特介绍如下几种方法。1.通过下面这句话，可以迅速而持久地记住接动名词作宾语的常用动词(组)。即：Dr. EBlack forgets helping Mrs. FBamca.由此句的每一个字母联想一个或两个以上的词（组）：delay, risk ,enjoy,be worth, look forward to, avoid, continue, keep (on), forget,
12、remember, object to, give up, hate, escape, try, excuse, succeed in, like, practise, insist on, need, go on, mind, regret, stop, finish, be busy(be used to),admit,miss,cant help,advise.以上的划线词，是可接动名词，也可接不定式作宾语的动词(组)，不过意义有差别。2 “Mrs. PBlack missed a beef bag.（P布菜克夫人丢了一只牛肉袋。 ） ” 这句话中的每一个字母均代表一个单词或短语。划线单
13、词或短语也可接不定式（短语）作宾语。(参见“两者均可意不同”一文)M=mind(介意)，r=risk(冒险)，s=succeed in(成功地做)，P=practise(练习)，B=be busy(忙于)，l=look forward to(希望)，a=admit(承认)，c=cant help（禁不住） ，k=keep on(继续)，m=miss(错过)，i=insist on(坚持)， s=suggest(建议)，s=stop(停止)，e=enjoy（喜爱） ，d=delay(推迟)，a=advoid(避免)，b=be used to(习惯于)，e=escape(逃避)，e=excuse(
14、原谅)，f=finish（完成） ，b=be worth(值得)，a=advise(建议)，g=give up(放弃)。3 “Dr. FBlack stops helping Mr. FJamhow.” 这个句子有两个特点：它本身就是一个含有“动词+动名词(组)”结构的句子。句中的每个字母又代表一个可接动名词作宾语的动词(划线词也可接不定式)。 （参见“两者均可意不同”一文）D=delay,r=remember,F=forget,B=begin,l=love,a=avoid,c=continue,k=keep(on),s=start,t=try,o=object to,p=prefer,s=s
15、top,h=hate,e=enjoy,l=like, p= practise, i=insiston, n=need,g=go on,m=mind,r=regret,F=finish, J=justfy, a=admit, m=miss,h=help,o=omit,w=want.4 “Farm Pikes”(农场的通行税关卡) 该词组也能帮助我们记住接动名词作宾语的常用动词。F=finish;a=advise,avoid;r=risk,remember;m=mind;P=put off, practice, postpone; I=insist on; k=keep(on);e=enjoy,e
16、scape, excuse;s=stop,suggest.下列短语中的 to 都是介词，所以后面跟名词或-ing 形式：be/get used to(习惯于)，stick to（坚持）, object to（反对）, lead to（导致）,devoteto（献身于）, be sentenced to(被宣判为)，preferto(喜欢),come to（谈到） ，look forwardd to（期待）,add to(加上),pay attention to（注意）, get down to（开始）等。教你巧学巧记:上述短语动词中的 to 是介词，不是定符号。为了便于同学们记忆，我们可以记住
17、下面这两句话：习惯于旧方式的人坚持 反对新事物，这样导致许多献身于科学的人被宣判为大逆不道。不喜欢这种事实的谈到此事时，总期待着加上自己的努力注意使它开始改变。注意-ing 形式与不定式作宾语时的区别1)-ing 形式所表示的动作，在意义上比较一般和抽象，不指某一次具体的动作，不定式则表示某个具体动作。试比较：I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。 （指一般、抽象的行为）学大教育3Would you like to swim today.你今天想去游泳吗？（指今天这一次具体的动作）2)有些动词，如 begin,start,continue,prefer 等，其后跟-ing 形式或不定式，
18、意义没有区别，或者区别不大。如；He began learning/to learn English at the age of ten.他在 10 岁时开始学习英语。Though it was raining hard,they continued working/to work.尽管在下大雨，但他们还是继续工作。3)在 remember,forget,regret 后跟-ing 形式时，-ing 形式表示动作发生在上述动词之前；上述动词后根部定式时，不定式表示的动作发生在上述动词之后。试比较：I regret accepting your advice.我真后悔听了你的建议。 （accep
19、ting 发生在 regret 之前）I regret to tell you that I wont accept your advice.我十分遗憾地告诉你，我不准备接受你的意见。 （to tell 发生在 regret 之后）I remember putting the books on the shelf.我记得曾把书放在书架上。 （已经做过）Remember to put the books on the shelf.记住要把书放在书架上。 （还没做）I forgot paying the money.我已付过钱，却忘记了。(付过钱)I forgot to pay the money
20、. 我忘了付钱。(没有付钱)4)mean 后接不定式时，意为“决意，打算” ；mean 后接-ing 形式时，意为“意为着，表明” 。试比较：I didnt mean to make you angry.我并不想叫你生气。Your plan would mean spending hours.你的计划意为着要花费几个小时。5)try 后接不定式时，意为“努力，设法” ；try 后接-ing 形式时，意为“试，试用” 。试比较：We must try to get everything done in time.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。Lets try doing the work some
21、 other way.我们用别的方法做这工作试试。6)stop 后跟-ing 形式短语作宾语，表示停下手头正在干的事；stop 后跟不定式，不定式不是宾语而是目的状语，表示停下手头正在干的事去干另外一件事。试比较：She stopped watching TV.她停止看电视。She stopped to watch TV.她停下来，开始看电视。7)go on 后跟-ing 形式表示“继续去做同一件事” ，后跟不定式表示“干完一件事接着去干另一件事” 。试比较：The teacher went on explaining the problem after the break.休息过后，老师继续
22、讲解那个问题。After finishing studying the text we went on to do the exercise.学完课文之后，我们接着做练习。（三）作宾语补足语或主语补足语高考试题传真1.The missing boys were last seen_near the river.(1994)A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play2.Seeing the sun_above the surface of the the sea,we let out a shout of joy.(1994,上海)A.to rise B
23、.to raise C.rising D.raising-ing 形式短语也可以在感官动词（如 see, watch, hear,notice, find, feel）后作宾语补足语，表示宾语的行为正在进行。如：You can often see musicians performing in the streets.你可以经常在音乐家在街头演奏。I heard her playing the piano.我听见她再彈钢琴。His father saw him sitting on some eggs.他父亲看见他坐在鸡蛋上面。当上述这样的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，其中的宾语补足语就变成了
24、主语补足语。如：She was heard singing a song.人们听到她正在唱歌。注意-ing 形式与不定式作宾语补足语时的区别不定式短语作宾语补足语时，表示动作已经发生，指事情的全过程已经结束；-ing 形式短语作宾语补足语则表示动作正在进行。试比较：Did you see anyone come out of the room?你看见有人正从房间里出来了吗？I see someone coming out of the room.我看见有人正从房间里出来。（四）作状语高考试题传真学大教育41.The secretary worked late into the night,_
25、a long speech for the president.(1991)A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing2.Europen football is palyed in 80 countries, _it the most popular sport in the world.(1998,上海)A.making B.makes C.made D.is make3.“Cant you read?”Mary said_to the notice.(1993)A.angrily pointing B.and point angr
26、ilyC.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing-ing 形式短语作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式、伴随状况等意义，这时它相当于一个状语从句。当用作时间、原因、条件状语时，这些短语通常位于句子的前部;当用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。如:Hearing the had news, they couldnt help crying.听到这个不幸的消息，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。(时间)Being a brave man, Charles returned to France.因为查尔斯是个勇敢的汉子，所以他回到法国。(原因)The fi
27、sh can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones.这种鱼两分钟内就可以把一个人吃掉，只剩下骨头，(结果)They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐，谈论着旅行计划。(伴随)教你巧学巧记:分词作状语与独立主格结构作状语的区别分词与独立主格结构均可作状语。但分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语；而独立主格作状语时，前面的名(代)词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语，它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如：Having finished my
28、homework,I previewed my lessons.= After I had finished my homework,I previewed my lessons.Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.=If the park is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.以上二例是分词作状语，由此可看出，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语便是句子的主语。因此，我们不能说:Seeing from the hill,the park looks very beautif
29、ul.因为 seeing 的逻辑主语虽然是 the park，但它不能发出 see 的动作，它是被看的，故应用 Seen。再请看下面两个例子:Spring coming on，the trees turn green.=When spring comes on,the trees turn green.The weather being fine，we went for a walk.=As the weather was fine，we went for a walk.以上二例是独立主格结构作状语。前面的名词 Spring,the weather 便是这个结构的逻辑主语。它和句子的主语无一致
30、性。(五)作定语高考试题传真1. Do you know the boy _under the big tree?(1989)A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying2. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _“Sorry to miss you; will call later. (1999)A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading3. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the
31、 _. (1999, 上海)A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remainC.remained20dotlars D. remaining 20 dollars4. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.(1989)A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前置修饰语，这时它有两种情况:1.-ing 形式表示“供作之用”(used for)的意思，这类作定语的-ing
32、形式过去称之为动名词。如:a walking stick (=a stick used for walking)手杖drinking water 饮用水a waiting room 候车/诊室2.-ing 形式表示“的”意思，过去称之为现在分词。如:a walking child (=a child who is walking)走路的孩子working people 劳动人民the rising sun 正在升起的太阳-ing 形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如:Two days later I received a letter offering me th
33、e job (=which offered me the job).两天学大教育5后我收到同意给我这份工作的来信。The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.站在那儿的那个男孩是我的一个同学。教你巧学巧记:巧辨现在分词和动名词现在分词和动名词形式相同,都可以作定语。怎么辨别它们呢？现在分词和动名词作定语时，主要从它们的意义、重读和位置三方面来区别。1现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，二者在逻辑上有主谓关系，因而可扩展为定语从句，读时都要重读。例如：a crying baby(=a baby who is crying)the b
34、oiling water(=the water that is boiling)2动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的用途、所属关系等，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，因而不能扩展为定语从句，只能扩展为一个表示用途的介词短语，读时只重读动名词。例如：a bathing suit(=a suit for bathing) 一件游泳衣drinking water(=water for drinking) 饮用水3. 现在分词作定语时，可以后置，而动名词只能放在所修饰的名词前边。例如：On the day following(=on the following day)he left for New Y
35、ork.(现在分词)Do you have any listening materials?(动名词)二、-ing 形式的否定形式高考试题传真 -I must apologize for _ ahead of time.-Thafs all right. (1994)A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know_ his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bi
36、ll. (1991,上海)A. Not knowing B. Knowing notC. Not having known D. Having not known1、非谓语动词的否定结构是把否定词 not 加在非谓语之前构成的。例如：It was foolish of him not to do that.(不定式的否定式)Not knowing much English,he took out his dictionary and looked up the word “cough”.(分词的否定形式)He regretted not having been able to help me.
37、(动名词的否定形式)2、过去分词作宾语补足语;而且表示状态的时候，它的否定式常常不用否定词，只起在分词上加一个否定前级。例如：He left the work unfinished.I found my glasses unbroken.3、短语“so as to”变否定结构时应把 so as to 分开成 so as not to.例如：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.三、-ing 形式的复合结构高考试题传真1. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon. (1992
38、)A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling 2. I can hardly imagine Peter_ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. (1991)A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed 3. How about the two of us_ a walk down the garden? (1993)A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking4. Tom insis
39、ted _ to to the party. (1988,上海)A. on me to come B. on my comingC. me to come D. me coming5. What worried the child most was most was_to visit his mother in the hospital. (1998, 上海)A. his not allowing B. his not being allowedC. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed-ing 形式的复合结构的构成方式为:名词所有格
40、/普通格/代词宾格/形容词性物主代词+-ing 形式，其中，名词所有格/普通格/代词宾格/形容词性物主代词是-ing 形式的逻辑主语。如果-ing 形式的复合结构作宾语，可用名词的所有格或普通格，也可用代词宾格或形容词性物主代词;如果作主语，就只能用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如:Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽烟吗?Your going there will help a lot.你到那里对事情将大有帮助。I remember Wei Fangs going there.我记得魏芳去那里了。学大教育6I am sure of him coming on time.我相
41、信他会准时来的。He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.他从没听说过女的当飞行员。教你巧学巧记:动名词逻辑主语的“三省三替”动名词的逻辑主语一般用物主代词或名词所有格来表示。在口语和非正式英语中，也可用人称代词的宾格来代替物主代词；用名词普通格代替名词所有格。有时又可省略名词的逻辑主语，我们把它归纳为“三省三替” 。一、三省1句子的主语也是动名词的逻辑主语时。例如：He left without (his)saying good-bye to us.他不辞而别。We felt uncomfortable about(our) receiving
42、the presents.收到这些礼物，我们感到很不安。2动名词的逻辑主语“泛指”时。例如：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Swimming can help build us the bodies.游泳有助于增强体质。3从上下文可看出逻辑主语时。例如：She punished the student for(his) playing truant.她惩罚那个学生，是因为他逃学。二、三替1在口语中或非正式英语中。例如：I dont mind Tom(him)going.汤姆去我没意见。 （用 Tom 代替 Toms，用 him 代替 his）2. 逻辑主语为无生命的名词时。
43、例如：The letter being torn to pieces nade my brother very angry.信件被撕成碎片我弟弟很生气。3用名词所有格或物主代词难以表达时。例如：I remember each of them saying about it.我记得他们人人都谈过此事。四、-ing 形式的时态形式高考试题传真1. -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret_that. (1995)A. to do B. to be doing C. to have do
44、ne D. having done2. She didnt remember _ him before. (1988)A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to have met3. _areply, he decided to write again. (1992)A. Not receiving B. Receiving notC. Not having received D. Having not received-ing 形式的时态分为一般式和完成式。一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作往往同时发生。如:People walk around we
45、aring nineteenth-century clothes.人们穿着 19 世纪的服装走来走去 。I was in the kitchen cooking something.我工在厨房煮东西。The students walked out of the classroom, laughing and talking.学生们有说有笑走出教室。完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如:Having written the letter, he went to post it.他写完信，就去寄它了。Having finished their work, they had a rest.
46、工作做完后，他们休息了一下。五、-ing 形式的被动态高考试题传真1. He has always insisted on his _ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner. (1994,上海)A. been called B. called C. having called D. being called2. Do you mind _ alone at home? (1994,上海)A. Jam leaving B. Jam having left C. Jams being left D. Jam to be left3. While shopping, pe
47、ople sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. (1996, 上海)A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded4. -What do you think of the book?-Oh, excellent. Ifs worth_a second time. (1989)A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read5. This sentence needs _.
48、 (1985)A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved-ing 形式的被动语态分为一般式和完成式两种。一般式(being done)表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作同时发生;完成式(having been done)表示一个被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。如:The large house being built near the factory is a new hospital.学大教育7工厂附近正在施工的大楼是一座新的医院。Having been sent to the wrong address, the letter did not reach her.那封信地址投错了，她没有收到。Dr Manette, having been kept a prisoner in the Bastille for many years, had recently been se
