1、1段际关系: 了解文章的展开方式、抓住作者行文思路1. 了解段落之间的关系。一般首段为主题段，末段为总结段，其它段落均为发展段，目的是说明或证明主题思想。开头（现象、问题、理论、事物等）中间（解释、后果、原因、优缺点、别人观点、重要性等）结尾（意义、建议、解决、结论、作者观点、做法等）2. 文章展开的方法1) 顺接型 “And” typea. 并列、递进关系：and/also/another same/like/in a similar way/likewiseb. 因果关系： so/therefore/accordingly/as a result c. 列举：first/second/th
2、irdd. 比较，对照：comparison（比较结构）2e. 用“time ” 表并列、对比 ago/recently/no链接Reading PassagesPassage 12.doc2) 逆接型 “But” typea.转折关系 but/however/yet /whereas (然而) b.对比关系 on the other hand /on the contrary/ while/in factc.让步关系 in spite of /despite/although链接Reading PassagesPassage 13.doc3. 主题句和扩展句之间的关系1) 别有用心法 用别人
3、的错误观点，引出自己的不同观点(新老观点型)a. 由反到正: but，however ， yet，unfortunately 等b. 有时无明显标志，但出现：They say； they generally hold；Its universally hold；People believe等链接Reading PassagesPassage 14.doc3链接Reading PassagesPassage 15.doc2) 演绎法Topic sentenceSupportive information 1Supportive information 2 Supportive informatio
4、n 3链接Reading PassagesPassage 12.doc3) 归纳法（总结法）Supportive information （story，incident，joke，proverb 等 ）Topic sentence4. 抓住 “第三词汇 “ 语法中的功能词对理解句子十分重要，同样文章中那些起组织作用的实义词对理解文章也是非常重要的，因为掌握了它们就可以大大增强阅读理解中的预知下文的能力。我们把这些词称作 “第三词汇“ （区别于仅起语法作用的功能词和一般实义词）4。抓住了它们，就抓住了文章的核心意思。这类词有很多，其中最常见的有： achieve, addition, attri
5、bute, cause, change, consequence, deny, effect, explanation, fact, form, grounds, instance, kind, manner, matter, method, opposite, point, problem, reason, respect, result, same, situation, thing, way. 1. “第三词汇 “主要是一些 “照应名词“，其中包括： abstraction, approach, belief, classification, doctrine, dogma, evalu
6、ation, evidence, insight, investigation, illusion, notion, opinion, position, supposition, theory, viewpoint 等等。2. 在“问题 -解决 “ 文章模式中，这些 “第三词汇“ 就更加固定和明确。它们有： 问题：concern, difficulty, dilemma, drawback, hamper, hinder (hindrance., obstacle, problem, snag(障碍 )等。 反应：change, combat(v), come up with, develo
7、p, find, measure, respond, response等 5解决或结果：answer, consequence, effect, outcome, result, solution, (re)solve 等。 评价：（in） effect, manage, overcome, succeed, (un)successful, viable, work(v). 3. “主张 -反主张“文章结构模式中的该类词汇有：claim, state, truth, false, in fact, in reality, believe 等等。5. 重点句型及句际之间的关系。并列关系、转折关系
8、、因果关系、条件关系、对比关系、观点与例证之间的关系。并列关系: in addition, besides, also, moreover, furthermore, 转折关系: in spite of, despite, however, in fact, on the other hand, on the contrary, but, yet, whereas因果关系: because(of., for this reason, owing to, thanks to, due to, since, result in(from., be 6responsible for, the rea
9、son why, be based on, consequently, therefore, thus, lead to, 对比关系: in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, 时间， since, now, new, nowadays, current ideas, until, recently, past, in 1950s.观点与例证: for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, such as, a good case in point is that, 强调句: above all, indeed, of course, in fact, as a matter of fact, in particular, It is that , above all/after all, be particular about结尾句: to sum up, to conclude, in short, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, therefore, as has been noted (mentioned, said, stated) above
