1、Unit Two FriendshipSection AA friend is a person with whom I may be sincere. Before him, I may think aloud.- Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882),American poet and philosopherA true friend is one who overlooks your failures and tolerates your successes.- Doug Larson (19021981), English middle-distance run
2、ner True friendship is like sound health; the value of it is seldom known until it is lost.- Charles Caleb Colton (17801832), English author and clergyman Friendship is a treasure that always helps usovercome any kind of difficulty. Friendship is acomfort which always understands worries and emotion
3、s. Friendship is a blessing because it teaches the way to live.I consider friendship to be one of the most important things in life. They say “a friend in need is a friend indeed”. Thats partly true. But a real friend should also be able to share your happy moments - without feeling jealous. A good
4、friendship is one where you accept and forgive faults, understand moods, and dont feel hurt if a friend doesnt feel like seeing you. Of course, honesty is an essential part of any relationship. We should learn to accept our friends for what they are. Although family life is fulfilled, it isnt enough
5、! Both my wife and I get tremendous satisfaction from our friends, married and single, male and female - and we both have our separate friends too. We certainly do! And as I say, our friends give us a lot of pleasure. After all, friends should not be people with whom you kill time. Real friendship,
6、in my opinion, is a “spiritually developing” experience. 核心词汇：available estimate correspondence neighborhood tough shrug urge postpone reference absolutely reunion mostly awful destination skip practically重要短语：a couple of be lost in choke up come up every now and then go ahead go by hang out keep up
7、keep in touch (with) kind of /sort of know by heart not much of a on ones mindor something in the distance经典句式：might/may (just) as well look /sound /smell /taste /feel as if写作技巧：非正式文体的记叙文文化背景知识1. Halloween 万圣节在西方国家，每年的月日，有个“Halloween”是传统节日。这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜，所以也叫“鬼节”。万圣节在孩子们眼中，是一个充满神秘色彩的节日。夜幕降临，孩子们便迫不及
8、待地穿上五颜六色的化妆服，戴上千奇百怪的面具，提上一盏“杰克灯”跑出去玩。“杰克灯”的样子十分可爱，做法是将南瓜掏空，外面刻上笑眯眯的眼睛和大嘴巴，然后在瓜中插上一支蜡烛，把它点燃。 收拾停当后，一群群装扮成妖魔鬼怪的孩子手提“杰克灯” ，跑到邻居家门前，威吓般地喊着：“ 要恶作剧还是给款待 ”、 “给钱还是给吃的” 。如果大人不用糖果、零钱款待他们，那些调皮的孩子就说到做到：好，你不款待，我就捉弄你。他们有时把人家的门把手涂上肥皂，有时把别人的猫涂上颜色。这些小恶作剧常令大人啼笑皆非。当然，大多数人家都非常乐于款待这些天真烂漫的小客人。所以万圣节前夜的孩子们总是肚子塞得饱饱的，口袋装得满满的
9、。 Section AI 课文简评本文是一篇非正式文体的记叙文。在文章的第一部分（第 1-20 段）通过与出租车司机的对话，作者得知了司机对没有和他老朋友埃德保持联系而后悔。第二部分（第 21-35 段）作者在读完信后体会到出租车司机和他老朋友埃德的真挚的友谊。文章的第三部分（第 36段）突出了作者的写作目的和文章主题。与司机的对话使得作者明白了一个朴素的道理：珍惜你所拥有的友谊，赶快提起笔来给朋友写封信。II 写作技巧本文的绝大部分实际上是司机与作者之间对话的再创作，因此该文为非正式文体，文中有许多日常生活中地道口语的范例，同时也展示了口语和书面语的差别。文中的许多对话比较简短，而且不完整，
10、如：“(Is the letter) From a child or maybe a grandchild?”, “(I have) Enjoyed talking with you”等等。除此之外，一些单词和短语在书面语中是不常用的，如：sort of, you know, its no fun to do sth., not much of a hand at doing sth.等。III 核心词汇1. available用法：a. （1） （指物）可用的：We have already used up all the available space. 我们已经使用了所有可用的空间。Al
11、l the available money has been used. 所有可用的钱已经花完了。（2）可得到的：There are no tickets available for tonights concert. 今晚音乐会的票搞不到。You will be informed when the book becomes available. 这本书有货时就通知你。（3） （指人）可会见的：Ill be available on Tuesday morning. 我周二上午有空。That man is not available for the job. He has other work
12、. 那个人无暇做这份工作，他有别的工作要做。典型考题: Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are _ in grocery stores.A. ready B. approachable C. probable D. available 答案为 D。译文：方便食品在杂货店里可以买到。 available 可得到的，找得到的； ready准备好的； approachable 可靠近的， 接近的；probable 可能的。2. estimate 用法： v. （1）估计： Its impossible to estim
13、ate his ability. 不可能来估计他的能力。I estimate her age at 35. 我估计她 35 岁。（2） （与 for 连用）估算（费用）： We asked our builder to estimate for the repair of the ceiling. 我们要求营造商估算一下修理天花板的费用。n. （1） 估计；估价： According to the official estimate, over 100 people were killed in the armed conflict. 通过官方估计，大约 100人在枪战冲突中死亡。Can yo
14、u give me a rough estimate of the cost? 你能大略估算一下成本吗？（2） （对某人性格的和对事物质量的）判断：They held totally different estimates of her character. 他们对她的性格有不同的判断。I agree with your estimate of the situation. 我同意你对形式的判断。典型考题：Before he started work, I asked the builder to give me an_ of the cost of repairing of the roof
15、.A. assessment B. estimate C. announcement D. evaluation答案为 B。 译文：在修理之前， 我让修理工估计一下修缮屋顶的费用。Estimate “估计” ，强调进行评估得出的结果，常与动词 give 搭配。 assessment “估价，评价” ，强调估价这一行为；announcement“宣告，宣布” ；evaluation“评价，估价 ”，常有肯定，正确的含义。记忆法：estimation n. 判断，意见，认为 （go up /down in sbs estimation 增加/降低对某人的尊敬）overestimate 高估unde
16、restimate 低估3. correspondence用法：n.（不可数名词）通信（联系） ，信件， 函件：She has a lot of correspondence to deal with. 她有大批的信件需要处理。典型考题：It is no _ that a large number of violent crimes are committed under the influence of alcohol.A. coincidence B. correspondence C. inspiration D. intuition答案为 A。译文：大量的暴力犯罪是在酒精的下实施的，这
17、决非巧合。coincidence 巧合的事情；correspondence 相应， 通信；inspiration 灵感； intuition 直觉。考点：keep up correspondence with sb. 与某人保持通信联系记忆法：correspond vi. （1） （与 to 连用）对应，相当： The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament. 美国的国会相当于英国的议会。（2） （与 with 连用）相符，一致，通信：Your account of events correspond with hers.
18、 你说的情况跟她说的相符。4. neighborhood用法：n. （1）地段，街坊，四邻：She is liked by the whole neighborhood. 邻近的人都喜爱她。We live in a rather rich neighborhood. 我们住在很富裕的住宅区。（2）邻近地区， 附近： We want to live in the neighborhood of London. 我们想住在伦敦附近。记忆法： 构词：后缀hood 与名词或形容词结合构成名词，表示“的状况”或“的集体”：childhood （童年） ；考点：in the neighborhood of
19、 （1）附近（2）大约典型考题：His debts are _a thousand dollars.A. in accordance with B. in the neighborhood ofC. in correspondence with D. in relation to 答案为 B。 译文：他的债务大约一千美元。 in the neighborhood of 大约；in accordance with 与一致，根据；in correspondence with 与符合； in relation to 与有关。辨析：neighborhood neighbor 都有“邻近”的意思。nei
20、ghborhood 意为 “邻近的住家或地区”：The mayor ordered a probe of housing conditions in the neighborhood. 市长下令调查附近的住宅情况。neighbor “邻居” ，指人，其谓语动词用单复数均可。My neighbor are from other city, but they are very kind. 我的邻居们是来自其它地方的，但他们很热情。5. tough用法：a. （1）坚强的，能吃苦耐劳的：Camels are tough and hardy creatures. 骆驼是能吃苦耐劳的动物。You nee
21、d to be tough to survive in the jungle. 要在丛林中生存下来你必须要坚强。（3）困难的，难对付的：It is tough finding a job these days. 近来很难找到工作。典型考题：Polar explorers have to be extremely _ to endure the climate and other hardships.A. hard B. rough C. tough D. brave答案为 C。 译文：极地探险者必须相当结实才能经得住那气候和其他艰辛。tough 结实的，吃苦耐劳的； hard （工作）困难的；
22、 rough （人）粗野的， （东西）粗糙的， （海洋）波涛汹涌的； brave 勇敢的。辨析：tough hard difficult arduous 都有“困难的”意思。tough 所表示的“困难的”含义是 “很难做，难对付，不容易，需要努力” 。She is a pretty tough customer. 她是为很难对付的顾客。difficult 所表示的“困难的”含义是“克服某种障碍，需要特别的技能，才智，知识或勇气”。此外，常常用以表示难以应付或难以对付。As usual, the police will have a difficult time. 和往常一样，警察的日子将不好过
23、。hard 是个最普通用词，是 easy 的反义词，有时还可以表示“艰难的” 。Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. 弗兰克回想起他早年的艰苦岁月和漫长的成功道路时，他微笑了。6. shrug用法：n. 耸肩（表示冷漠，怀疑，不知等）：She gave a shrug and walked away. 她耸了耸肩就走开了。He gives us such explanation on this issue, and then he gives a shrug. 就此问
24、题他给出了如此的解释，然后耸了耸肩表示无奈。v. 耸肩（表冷漠等）： I asked her where Tom was, but she just shrugged. 我问她汤姆在哪里，她只是耸了耸肩。I admire the way she is able to shrug off unfair criticism. 我很佩服她能对错误的批评意见不予理会。考点：shrug off 耸肩表示对不屑理睬：He shrugged off their criticism. 他对他们的批评不屑一顾。7. urge用法：vt. （1）激励，力劝，催促：He urged me to join their
25、 company.他力劝我加入他们公司。（2）强调，力陈：He urged that we （should ） take such steps. 他极力主张我们采取这些步骤。They urged that they go to Europe. 他们强调应该去欧洲。考点：urge 后接从句时，从句用虚拟语气，即从句中的谓语动词用（should）+动词原形，类似的动词还有： suggest, demand, order, request, require 等。如：She urged that her son write and accept the post. 她敦促儿子写信接受那个职位。urge
26、 sb. to do/into doing 敦促某人干：Mother urged me not to tell you anything about it. 母亲劝我不要告诉你任何关于这事的事。典型考题：The problems requiring immediate solution will be given _ at the meeting.A. priority B. urgency C. superiority D. emergency答案为 A。译文：需要立即解决的问题在大会上要给予优先考虑。priority 优先，优先权；urgency 紧迫，急迫；superiority 优越性
27、，优等，优势； emergency 紧急情况。 罪行。8. postpone用法：vt. 推迟，延期（到一个具体日期）：The meeting has been postponed to next Tuesdays. 会议延期到下星期二举行。Would it be possible to postpone the party? 有可能推迟晚会吗？典型考题：As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order , we have to _ it.A. postpone B. refuse C. delay D. cancel答案为 D。我们
28、没时间等我们要的东西了，只有取消它。 Cancel 取消；postpone 推迟；refuse 拒绝；delay 推迟，耽搁。（同）put off delay辨析：postpone delay put off 都有“推迟，延期”之意。postpone 是正式用语，语义较强，指“有意识地延至将来某一特定时间” 。在多数情况下，后面说明改在何时进行。常与 until/till 引出的短语或从句连用。The sports meeting has to be postponed till May holiday. 运动会不得不延期到五一期间。delay 指“暂时阻挠或阻挡，稍后可继续进行” 。常与 f
29、or 加一段时间连用。还可指因疏忽或松懈而耽误，拖延做某事。The carelessness delayed the project. 粗心耽搁了计划。 put off 与 postpone 大致相同，但较通俗口语化。The teacher put off the examination. 老师推迟了考试。9. reference用法：n. （1）参考，查阅，参照： The route is best seen by reference to the map. 查一查地图，路线就能看的非常清楚了。This is for your reference. 这仅供你参考。（2）参考文献；引证；旁注；
30、参照： You should list all the references at the end of your paper. 你应该在你的论文后列出所有的参考文献。（3）言及，提及：She made frequent references to her promotion. 她极力主张我们采取这些步骤。There is a reference to Tom in my book. 在我的书里提到了汤姆。He made no reference to his illness till after the lesson. 直到课后他才提到了他的病情。典型考题：We are writing to
31、 the manager _ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.A. with the exception of B. with the purpose of C. with reference to D. with a view to答案为 C。译文：我们正在给经理写一封有关上述地方进行的修理活动的信。with reference to 有关于，根据； with the exception of 将除外；with the purpose of 为了；with a view to 为了，为的是。10. absolutel
32、y 用法：ad. 绝对地：Its absolutely impossible.这绝对是不可能的。He refused absolutely. 他一口拒绝了。典型考题：Since he _ refused to discuss the matter any further, we had to look for other ways of solutions.A. absolutely B. nearly C. seldom D. namely答案为 A。 译文：既然他完全拒绝再讨论这个问题，我们只好寻找其他的解决方法。 Absolutely 完全地； nearly 几乎； seldom 几乎不
33、；namely 就是，换句话说。11. reunion用法：n. （1）重聚， （家庭）团聚：a class reunion 同学聚会。a family reunion at Christmas 圣诞节的合家团聚。（2）再结合，再联合，和好：a reunion of the different schools 不同学派的再联合12. mostly用法：ad. （1 ）主要地，大部分，多半：The people present were mostly fairly young. 在场的人大部分都相当的年轻。The medicine was mostly sugar and water. 这药主要
34、成份是水和糖。典型考题：She uses her car _ for going to the shops.A. uniquely B. enormously C. startlingly D. mostly答案为 D。 译文：她主要在去商店时才使用她的汽车。mostly 主要地； uniquely 独一无二地； enormously 巨大地； startlingly 令人吃惊地。13. awful用法：a. （1） （口语）非常的，极度的，糟透了的： I have got an awful lot of work to do. 我有非常多的工作要做。I feel awful. 我感觉糟透了。
35、（2）可怕的：This is an awful film.这是一部可怕的电影。an awful storm 可怕的暴风雨ad. （口语）非常：Im awfully sorry. 真对不起。典型考题：There was an _ flood in my hometown last autumn.A. bitter B. awful C. lucky D. evil答案为 B。 译文：去年秋天我的家乡经历了一场可怕的水灾。awful 可怕的； bitter 痛苦的； lucky 幸运的； evil 邪恶的。14. destination用法：n. （1）目的地；终点：The parcel was
36、sent to the wrong destination. 包裹寄错地址了。典型考题：Dont worry. Well soon be at our _ and you can join your families.A. underground B. destination C. goal D. destiny答案为 B。 译文：别担心，我们很快就会到达目的地，你就可以见到你的家人了。destination 目的地； underground 地铁，地道； goal 目标； destiny 命运。15. skip用法：v. （1）轻快地跳，蹦：The lambs were skipping a
37、bout in the fields.小羊在田野上跳来跳去。skip over an obstacle 跳跃障碍物。（2）略过，跳过（指看书，写字等）：She skips the hard words when she reads.当她阅读是她跳过那些难的词。The teacher skipped the chapter five and said it wouldnt be on the test.老师跳过第五章节并说那将不会在考试中出现。（3）匆匆地或随便地由一处到另处：She skipped from one subject to another. 她讲得没有条理，东拉西扯。n. （1）
38、轻跳：He gives a skip to avoid the puddle. 他纵身跳过水坑。（2）看漏，跳过，略过：He read the novel without a skip. 他从头至尾读完了全本小说。考点：skipping 跳绳skipping-rope 跳绳用的绳子典型考题：They _ their weekly visit this Sunday and went to the church instead.A. skipped B. hopped C. jumped D. looped答案为 A。 译文：这星期天他们没有进行每周例行的访问，而是去了教堂。skipped 略过
39、，跳过； hopped 单足跳； jumped 跳动，跳跃； looped 打成环，使成圈。辨析：skip hop jump 都有“跳”的意思。skip 用单脚轻跳（两只脚轮流跳） 。The girls are skipping. 女孩们正在玩跳绳。hop 用同一只脚单跳。The little girl is hopping towards her mother. 小女孩跳着扑向她的妈妈jump 用双脚跳。 He jumped into the river to rescue the boy. 他跳进河去救那个小孩。16. practically用法：ad. （1）几乎，简直， 实际上：I k
40、now people who find it practically impossible to give up smoking.我知道一些人几乎是不可能戒烟的。His work is practically unknown here. 他的作品在这里实际上不为人知。（2）实际地， 实事求是地： She solved the problem very practically. 她很实事求是地解决了这个问题。There was practically one room in it, and the room was practically full. 里面实际上只有一个房间，而且这个房间几乎满了
41、。典型考题：Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of _ every business operation in the whole country.A. practically B. preferably C. precisely D. presumably 答案为 A。 译文：如果没有电话，全国几乎所有商业运作都将无法正常运行。practically几乎； preferably 较适合地； precisely 精确地； presumably 可能地。记忆法：practical a. 实际的，实
42、用的，有实用价值的practical joke 恶作剧IV 重要短语1. a couple of用法：（1）几个：She usually jogs a couple of miles every morning. 她通常每天早上要慢跑两三英里。（2）一对， 一双， 两个： I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they dont make a pair. 我在卧室里找到两只袜子，但不配对。（3）两人，两件事物：I saw a couple of men get out. 我看见有两个人出去了。Ill stay for a couple mor
43、e hours. 我再多待两个小时。2. be lost in用法：专心致志于：She was lost in the work. 她埋头工作。扩展：lose oneself in 与 be lost in 语意一致。（近义短语）concentrate on/upon be occupied withbe absorbed in3. choke up用法：（1） （因激动等）哽咽得说不出话： He choked up and couldnt finish his speech. 他过分激动而未能把话说完。（2）堵塞：During the rush hour roads are usually
44、choked up with traffic. 在交通高峰期，道路常被堵塞。4. come up用法： （1）发生，出现：“Sorry, I am latesomething came up at home.”对不起，我来迟了。家里发生点儿事。Ill let you know if anything comes up.如果发生什么我会让你知道的。（2）升到地平线上：The sun came up. 太阳升起来了。（3）接近，靠近：come up and say hello 靠近并打招呼。典型考题：This piece of work doesnt _ your usual high stand
45、ard.A. come up B. come up to C. come up with D. come out答案为 B。 译文：这份工作不符合你通常的高水准。 come up 发生，提出； come up to 符合，达到； come up with 提出； come out 出现；出版。扩展： come up with 提出，想出come through 经历还活着come to 苏醒5. every now and then用法：有时，时常，不时：John comes to visit me every now and then. 约翰时常来看我。I go to the opera e
46、very now and then. 我有时去看歌剧。引申：at times 时常6. go ahead用法：（1）行进在前面，先走：You go ahead and tell him that we are coming. 你先走一步，告诉他我们就来。（2）着手：Go ahead with your plan. I fully support you. 开始实施这项计划，我完全支持你。（3）继续前进：Henry will be late but we will go ahead with the meeting anyway.亨利迟到了但不管怎样我们将继续开会。The police exam
47、ined the cars and then allowed them to go ahead.警察检查了车后让他们继续前进。典型考题：David likes country life and has decided to _ farming.A. go in for B. go through with C. go back on D. go along with答案为 A。 译文：戴维德喜欢乡村生活，并已经决定参加农活。go in for 参加，选择爱好； go through with 采取行动； go back on 食言； go along with 赞同。扩展： go ahead
48、进行，发生go over 仔细检查，核对go through 接受，忍受7. go by用法：(时间) 逝去，走过：Her daughter was becoming more and more beautiful as the years went by. 随着时间的逝去，她女儿越发漂亮了。8. hang out用法：（1） 闲逛，斯混：Sam often hung out in coffee bars when he was unemployed.山姆失业的时候常在咖啡馆里泡着。We just hang out and have a good time. 我们在闲逛，很快乐。扩展：hang up 挂断电话 hang about 闲逛，徘徊 hang on / onto 紧握住，坚持下去9. keep up用法：（1）保持：Weve kept up our friendship for over twenty years now. 现在我们已经保持了我们的友谊大约 20 多年了。To keep your strength up, eat well and get enough sleep. 为了保持体能，你要吃好，休息好。（2）继续，维护： Well done! Keep up the work!干得好，继续！Will the fine weather keep up? 好天气
