1、 内部讲义 【英语基础阶段阅读】 1 基础阶段阅读泛读练习Text 1There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学术界 ).But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communica
2、tions, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but theres also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists havent trained for directlybut for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, theres a huge disconnect between the
3、way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to f
4、ollow an individual development plan (IDP).In 2002 the U.S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP in consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for postdocto
5、ral scientists. And in June, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar directio
6、n.IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (us
7、ually short-term) goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.A free Web application for this purpose, called my IDF. has become available this week. Its designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidentia
8、l, rigorous process of introspection (内省)to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainees self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories(轨迹). After the user has identified a long-term career goal, my IDP walks
9、 her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and
10、 complete an IDP. Thus, my IDP will be most effective when its embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricular to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.1. What do we learn abou
11、t new science Ph.D.s in the United States today?A) They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs.B) They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs.C) They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle.D) They are regarded as the nations driving force of change.2. What does t
12、he author say about Americas Ph.D. training?A) It should be improved to better suit the job market.B) It is closely linked to future career requirements.C) It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia.D) It includes a great variety of practical courses.3. What was recommended for Ph.D.s and
13、postdoctoral researchers?A) They meet the urgent needs of the corporate world.B) A long-term career goal be set as early as possible.C) An IDP be made in consultation with an adviser.D) They acquire an explicit tool to help obtain jobs.4. Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to
14、_.A) bring into full play the skills and expertise of their postdoctoral researchers内部讲义 【英语基础阶段阅读】 2 B) help employees make the best use of their abilities to achieve their career goalsC) place employees in the most appropriate positionsD) hire the most suitable candidates to work for them5. What d
15、o we know about my IDP?A) It is an effective tool of self-assessment and introspection for better career plans.B) It enables people to look into various possibilities and choose the career they love.C) It promises a long-term career path.D) It is part of the graduate curricular.Text 2Just over a dec
16、ade into the 21st century, womens progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billiona
17、ires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghanain these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women arent allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, wom
18、en lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of womens progress. Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect womens lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, an
19、d access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender di
20、scrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined(神圣化). But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi
21、. Does this suggest that a woman in a nations top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly. “Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,” says Anne-Marie
22、Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply cant be measured. And cross-cul
23、tural comparisons cant account for difference of opinion.Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we
24、elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,” she said. “Theres a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunit
25、y for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”6. What does the author think about womens progress so far?A) It still leaves much to be desired.B) It is too remarkable to be measured.C) It has greatly changed womens fate.D) It is achieved thro
26、ugh hard struggle.7. In what countries have women made the greatest progress?A) Where women hold key posts in government.B) Where womens rights are protected by law.C) Where womens participation in management is high.内部讲义 【英语基础阶段阅读】 3 D) Where women enjoy better education and health care.8. What do
27、Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?A) They care little about political participation.B) They are generally treated as equals by men.C) They have a surprisingly low social status.D) They are underrepresented in politics.9. What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nations top
28、 office?A) It does not necessarily raise womens political awareness.B) It does not guarantee a better life for the nations women.C) It enhances womens status.D) It boosts womens confidence.10. What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?A) Give women more political power
29、.B) Stimulate womens creativity.C) Allow women access to education.D) Tap womens economic potential.Text 3Among the governments most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middle-class, husband-and-wife family (ave
30、rage pretax income in 2009: $76,250), spending per child is about $12,000 a year. With inflation the familys spending on a child will total $286,050 by age 17.The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just a catalog of programs and taxes. It reflects a so
31、cietys priorities and values. Our society does not despite rhetoric(说辞) to the contraryput much value on raising children. Present budget policies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for children are modest. If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans m
32、ay choose not to have children or to have fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. They have stagnant (萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations, they resist change. To st
33、abilize its populationdiscounting immigrationwomen must have an average of two children. Thats a fertility rate of 2.0.Many countries with struggling economies are well below that.Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, its shaped by culture, religion, economics, and government policy.
34、“No one has a good answer” as to why fertility varies among countries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partly explain lowered birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers isolated lives of child rearin
35、g. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueled Americas baby boom. After the Soviet Unions collapse, says Cherlin, “anxiety for the future” depressed birthrates in Russia and Eastern Europe.In poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasing the nu
36、mber of family workers and providing supports for parents in their old age. In wealthy societies, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing the need for children. By some studies, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 children in the United
37、 States and almost 1.0 in Western Europe, reports economist Robert Stein in the journal National Affairs. Similarly, some couples dont have children because they dont want to sacrifice their own lifestyles to the lime and expense of a family.Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that can
38、not instill (注入) confidence about having children. Piling on higher taxes wont help, “If higher taxes make it more expensive to raise children,” says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, “people will think twice about having another child.” That seems like common sense, despite t
39、he multiple influences on becoming parents.内部讲义 【英语基础阶段阅读】 4 11. What do we learn from the government report?A) Inflation increases families expenses.B) Raising children is getting expensive.C) Budget reduction in around the corner.D) Average family expenditure is increasing.12. What is said to be t
40、he consequence of a shrinking population?A) Weakened national strength. C) Economic downturn.B) Increased immigration. D) Social instability.13. What accounted for Americas baby boom?A) Optimism for the future. C) Religious beliefs.B) Improved living conditions. D) Economic prosperity. 14. Why do pe
41、ople in wealthy countries prefer to have fewer children?A) They want to further improve their economic well-being.B) They cannot afford the time and expenses of rearing children.C) They are concerned about the future of the coming generation.D) They dont rely on their children to support them in old
42、 age.15. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A) To instill confidence in the young about raising children.B) To advise couples to think twice before having children.C) To encourage the young to take care of the elderly.D) To appeal for tax reduction for raising children.Text 4Space ex
43、ploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soars where human ingenuity (创造力) struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited as the first science fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a good three centur
44、ies before the first manned rockets started to fly.In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by the decades end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated (共鸣) with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of
45、all, delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yielded concrete results and transformed American society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up at odds with each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实
46、用的) and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims.When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollo missions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program ha
47、s just come to an end, with no successor. The perpetual argument is that funds are tight, that we have more pressing problems here on Earth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit, reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxuryas if saving one-thousandth of a single years budget w
48、ould solve our problems.But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will get the most bang from a buck. They will serve as modem Magellans, mapping out the solar system for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Vi
49、rgin Galactic are plotting a bottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could lie within reach of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream.The space dreamers end up benefiting all of usnot just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the spin-off technologies they produce, but because the two types of dreams feed off each other. Both Ma
