1、1变化中的英语复习重点总结1. 全世界语言 4000-5000 种 (P7)2. Dead language no living speakers (P7)3. Historical variation variation over time Regional variation variation in different places (P15)4. RP Standard English Network English:Standard English Written EnglishRP Received Pronunciation ( Also Southern Educated Br
2、itish English)Network English Educated American English (P19)5. Vocabulary change in English (P23-24)6. 词汇来源：Borrowing(e.g dim sum), Abbreviations(e.g MTR), Translations(e.g dragon boat)(P28-29)7. 英国语言 English, Welsh(Wales 地区) Gaelic （Scotland 地区）( P36)8. Dialects Different ways of speaking the same
3、 languageAccent We are talking only about the sounds of the language in some places (P39)9. Language family:English Indo-European family(印欧语系)Chinese Sino-Tibetan family(汉藏语系) P6410. 英国历史上三次被入侵：1) BC 1st AD 5th Latin - speaking Romans 来自 Mediterranean2)AD 5th - 8th and 9th Scandinavian 斯堪的纳维亚人(Angle
4、s 盎格鲁人, Saxons 撒克逊部族, Jutes 朱特族人) invaded Britain 来自 North West Europe3)AD 11th French-speaking Normans 来自 Normandy(P69-70)11. Standard English: A: Come from South EastB: Reason . Its importance is matter of culture and history(P75 )12. 英语发展过程中历史事件及英语语言本身的发展变化：Time Historical Events Language11th cen
5、tury Norman conquest of England Norman French brought to England12th-13th centuriesNoranm French rulers in England Morman French as the language of power: Latin for learning and religion; English for common peoples use14th century Changes in English educationGeoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400English gaining
6、 ground among educated people wrote English1475 Caxton set up printing press in London London English incresingly read and understood13. A good English dictionary contains about 450,000 separate entries.(P86)14. Receptive(听读) You recognize a word and know what it means.Productive（说写）You can say a wo
7、rd or you can write it.2NOTE: 每个人的 Receptive knowledge of vocabulary 要大于 Productive knowledge (P89-90)15. Prescriptive teaching(说明性教学 ) correct students mistakesProductive teaching(输出性教学 ) Practice students English by speaking and writing.Descriptive teaching(描述性教学) Tell students how English has cha
8、nged and come to be as it is now. P100 P10316. 语言种类：P109-118Regional National International GlobalBasque Norwegian Spanish EnglishDanish 丹麦语 Portuguese EnglishSwedish 瑞典语 FrenchDutch DutchJapanese German17. Basque(巴斯克语)，Hindi（印地语）P115-116 18. 美国历史（The New World: the continent of America:) 1584, 1585
9、 Sir Walter Releighs two expeditions to the New World1620English Puritan Playmouth Mayflower1775 American war of Independence started1785 End of the War.USA set up1790 First census 人口普查 held. About 90%of the population of British descent 后裔 P120-121 19. The USA The melting-potIn New York harbour You
10、 can see the Statue of Liberty P122-12320. 英国在世界的殖民地：Eroupe Asia Africa North and South AmericaAustralasia澳大拉西亚United Kingdom& IrelandIndia Kenya Canada AustraliaMalaysia Rhodesia罗得西亚USA New ZealandBorneo 波罗洲 South AfricaNew Guinea 新几内亚Hong Kong21. 印度英语发展历史：The East India Company Started in 17th cen
11、tury, by 1813, it came to an end. 19th century The English man named Macaulay was called the President of the Committee of Public Instruction， set up universities of English language P138-13922. 澳大利亚 Australia 形成， Captain Cook lead the first exploration in 1770 astronomical observation18th century:
12、penal colony (罪犯流放地) (P140-141)23. Inner Circle, Outer Circle and Expanding Circle 3Braj Kachru, from the sub-continent of India developed the idea of classifying the international use of English.Inner Circle: native speakers-users mother tongueBritain, North America, Australia New Zealand, South Af
13、ricaOuter Circle: taught in schools, international and official businessIndian Hong KongExpanding Circle: not an official language , international use P14724. Esperanto 世界语 具有全球扩广的语言特征，且适合全球使用的理想语言 What an ideal language for global use 理由 P158-159Artificial language The failed reason (p160-161)Simpl
14、ify a natural language Noah Webster made English spelling easier for the childrenBasic English designed by C.K.Ogden in 1930, only 850 words P161-16225. Social Variation speakers use English differently with their social and educational level.Languages are equal, no primitive or underdeveloped langu
15、age p16626. Dead languages Latin and Sanskrit(梵语)French, Spanish and Portuguese are descendants of Latin p17027. Pygmalion He is a craftsmen from Greek empire, made a sculptor named Galatea. And he loves her and she came lived. My Fair Lady Wrote by George Bernard Shaw, a famous Irish playwright. P1
16、82-18328. False beginners The students who have forgotten the early stages of learning a languageThe first stage of learning Learning the rules of the sound system, the grammar, the writing system, and the vocabulary. The second stage of learning Using English in a variety of ways. P187-18829. The r
17、ules of writing English p202A. Always make sure your sentences are complete.B. Every sentence must hace a subject and a verb.C. Never put a preposition at the end of the sentence.D. Never use slang(俚语) or even informal words.30. The components of a Trade Deal p216A. a commodity(商品). B. a currency C.
18、 a seller D. a buyer E. a market F. a means of communication. 31. Lingua Franca(交际语/通用语) used for trade deal p224-228Pidgin(混杂语 /洋泾浜语) It means a language,used for purpose of trade.Creoles(克利奥尔语) 是 Pidgin 进化后的语言 p228-237Black English P230-233 Papua New Guinea Adopted Tok PisinCreole can become a nat
19、ional language. ,but a pidgin cant P23532. Present day international trade P243 33. Faxed English P249-250-25234. English in science P262 P265-26635. English in international transport P266-277Risks in air travel P271English in air traffic control 4A. The language of Internetational Air Traffic Cont
20、rol is English.B. It is used by all ground control staff and flight crew.C. It is used in all parts of the world.D. It is twentieth century English: It is Standard English.E. It is spoken English and speakers know what they say will be recordedF. It is the English of a special area of knowledge.G. I
21、t is formal, but not polite or indirect. H. It is brief, clear, and direct. P 275Sea-speak A special, restricted variety of English is now used internationally in ship-to-shore communication.Jargon 行话 Its a special name for the selection that peole who have a common interest in machines and techniqu
22、es use it. Slang 俚语 For the language used by young people to keep out the old.36. English and TV P279 P28737. English and Information technology P289English and IT P296 P29838. ELT English language teachingNative-speaker English language teacher 和 Blingual teacher 双语教师各自的优点和缺点 见 P302 表格Five importan
23、t ELT terms: p307A. Pattern practice 句型练习 Learning by constantly repeating correct English sentecnes.B. Language laboratory 语言实验室 A classroom equipped with tape recorders and a control desk for the teacher.C. Communicative approach 交际法 | 交际教学法 | 沟通式教学法 | 传意形式的教学法 A view of ELT that puts first unders
24、tanding and being understood by another person.D. Error analysis Teaching in the belief that mistakes are necessary to learning and useful to teachers.E. English for Specific Purposes Courses designed to match the future work of and needs of groups of leaners, very often groups with different occupa
25、tions.39. ESL English as a Second LanguageEFL English as a Foreign LanguageL1 English as a mother tongue 见 p314 表格40. New Standards P315-31641. Hong Kong English deviates from Standard English. P31842. Interlanguage 语际语/中间语言/中介语/ 人工辅助语言 The languages of learners who have only partial control of a la
26、nguage.Intro-national and International use The difference between the use of English inside a country and between that country and the rest of the world. P32143. The advantages and disadvantages of Local standard and StandardEnglish:Advantages 5A. They are easier and quicker to learn(so more learne
27、rs will succeed)B. There are useful where there are many languages in use in a country and no common language.C. Only a minority of people need a language for international use.Disadvantages A. Local standards change quickly and are not well regarded internationally.B. If they are use intenationally
28、, they dont do justice to the user or his ideas. C. Local Standards are emerging and changing, so there may not be enough suitable teachers, or teaching materials. P322-32344. The views of Quirk and Kachru on Standard The Quirk view The Kachru view Other terms in use Deficit view Liberation viewThe
29、term standard should be appliedOnly to Standard British and Standard American EnglsihEqually to standards use in Singapore, India, Africa and other places where English is widely used.In schools and colleges Only these two Standards should be studies.Local standards should be studiedDeviations from
30、(British or American)Standard EnglishAre mistakes that are part of the learning process, and should be corrected.Are often clear signs of emerging new standards and need not be correctedTeachers of English If they are not mative speakers need to be in constant touch with native standards.Are usually
31、 not native speakers and cant be constantly in touch with any except local standards.Learners of English Study English for international use. They need to be constantly trying to get closer to native-like standards, so as to be able to use English that is internationally acceptable.All but a few wan
32、t and need English for use in their own multi-lingual country. They cant be constantly in touch with native standards, and are much more likely to use English locally than internationally. 45. Mono-lingual and Multi-lingual Societies P34646. Opportunity cost All learning is associated with an opport
33、unity cost. Language learning represents a big investment of time and effort by individuals and by the society of which they are part.47. Shrinking world P361-36248. Around the World in Eighty Days Jules Verne (P362)49. Tower of Babel 巴别塔 | 通天塔 | 巴比塔 | 巴贝尔塔 P365-36650. Cultural Imperialism 文化帝国主义 P38251. Proficient in English Information about English P394Support and reinforce each other P407
