1、1第四章 动词时态现代英语语法将传统语法所说的“时态” 分成了两部分： “时”和“ 体”。“时”是指谓语动词发生或存在于不同时间的变化形式，而“体”则指动作进行或处于什么状态的变化形式。英语中动词时态共 16 种，最常用的有 8 种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。时时态体现在 过去 将来 过去将来一般 do 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时进行 be doing 现在进行时 过去进行时完成 have done 现在完成时 过去完成时完成进行一、一般体（一）一般现在时 动词形式：be ：am/is/aredo/doe
2、s否定 疑问be： be + not； be：提至句首实意动词：借 dont/doesnt 实意动词：借 do/does 至句首I am a teacher. He is a teacher.They are teachers.I work in Beijing. She works in Beijing.They work in Beijing.1. 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：alwaysusuallyoftensometimesseldomneveronce a week， twice a month（用 how often 提问）every day(we
3、ek, month, year)every other day(week, month, year) 每隔一天every two days(weeks, months, years)每隔两天on(at) weekendson SundaysI often go to school by bike.22. 客观事实，普遍真理。此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。Shanghai lies in the east of China.The sun rises in the east. The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.3.
4、 说明主语的性质、特征，能力职业及状态等。She knows several languages.The soup tastes good.4. 格言和警句中。5. 一般现在时表将来用在时间、条件状语从句中，表将来。 （主将从现）Well let you know as soon as you arrive.If it doesnt rain，well go on a picnic as planned.6. 表示按时间表拟定的、安排好的活动。The train leaves Nanking at six and arrives in Beijing at eight.The final ex
5、am takes place next month.The first class begins at 8 oclock.【注意】常用于这种情况的动词有：come，go，leave ，return，take place， begin，start等，句中常有表示将来的时间状语。（二）一般过去时动词形式：be ：was/weredid否定 疑问be： be + not； be：提至句首实意动词：借 didnt 实意动词：借 did 至句首I was a teacher. He was a teacher.They were teachers.I worked.He workedThey worke
6、d.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。I received a strange phone call yesterday.时间状语：ago / a moment ago /a few days ago /long long agolast night(week, month, year) yesterday / the day before yesterdayjust nowin 1990this morningthe other day 不久前的某一天in the old days 在过去的岁月里【注意】（1）过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用 used to 或 wo
7、uld 加动词原形来表达，3意为：过去常常做某事或过去曾经存在过的状态。I used to go fishing on Sundays.This river used to be clean.（2）常用一般过去时固定句式中It is time that sb did sth 是某人该干的时候了would rather（that ） sb did sth 宁愿某人去做某事if only sb did sth 要是某人做某事就好了Its time that we studied harder.-Your father is in your office-Id rather he came tomo
8、rrow.If only I were a bird.（三）一般将来时动词形式：will/shall（用于第一人称）+V- 原形助动词否定 疑问助动词 will/shall + not 助动词 will/shall 提至句首I shall work. She will work.They will work.【注意】（1）will 可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势Fish will die without water.（2）will，shall 表示未事先思考或未计划过的意图。will 可表示说话人的主观意愿和观点。I will answer the phone.I hope it will
9、 be warm tomorrow.时间状语：tomorrowthe day after tomorrowtomorrow morning(afternoon, evening)next week(month, year)in+段时间 (in two days 两天后) （用 how soon 多久之后)提问in the future 未来this afternoon (evening, Sunday) from now on 从现在开始one day, someday （未来的）某天 soon 只要是关于以后的都可以【注意】：this morning 过去式表示将来的五种常用非时态方式（1）
10、be going to+ V-原形多用在口语中，表示计划、打算或根据目前迹象推测很可能发生的事。We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开会。 Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 （2）be about to do/be on the point of doing4表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟具体时间状语。We are about to leave.我们马上就走。（3） 现在进行时表将来（见现在进行时用法）（4）一般现在时表将来（见一般现在时用法）（5）be t
11、o + V- 原形表示按约定或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事情。The Queen is to visit Japan in a week.She is to be married next month.You are to report it to the police.（四）过去将来时动词形式：would/should（用于第一人称）+V-原形助动词否定 疑问助动词 would/should + not 助动词 would/should 提至句首I should work. She would work.They would work.过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状
12、态。He said that he would wait for me at the gate.【注意】过去将来时的其他表达方式与一般将来时一样，只是有关动词要改为过去式。二、进行体（一） 现在进行时动词形式：am/is/are + doing否定 疑问be：be + not； be：提至句首I am working. She is working.They are working.1. 说话时正在发生的动作。时间状语：now，at this moment，句子之前有 look！，listen ！也用现在进行时。They are having a football match .他们正在赛足球
13、。Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你听电话。2. 现阶段正在进行的动作，说话时未必在进行。时间状语：this week/month/year ，these days，at presentPeter is working on a new book about stories in school.3. 与 always，often，constantly，all the time 等连用表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。He is always thinking of others. （赞扬）Why are you always
14、coming late for school.（批评）4. 现在进行时表将来5有些动词（come，go，arrive，leave，stay 等）用现在进行时表示将要发生的计划或安排好的事情。We are leaving for Beijing next week.【注意】有些动词不用进行时态（1） 感官类：look，smell，feel，sound，taste，see，hear 等The soup tastes good.（不可说：The soup is tasting good.）Your hands feel cold.（不可说：Your hands is feeling cold.）（2
15、） 情感类：like，love，prefer ，hate，fear 等I love my dad and mum.(不可说：I am loving my dad and mum.)（3）心态类：wish，hope，want，believe，think，know，need 等。I dont believe my eyes.（不可说： I am not believing my eyes.）（4）表示存在状态的词：lie（位于），belong to，remain 等。Those books belong to Mr. Li.（不可说：Those books are belonging to Mr.
16、 Li.）（二）过去进行时动词形式：was/were + doing否定 疑问be：be + not； be：提至句首I was working. She was working.They were working.1. 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。时间状语：at that time，at that moment，then ， at five yesterday，this time yesterdayI was drawing a picture this time yesterday.When he called me，I was having dinner.I was washing
17、the dishes while mother was cleaning the table.2. 表示在过去某一时间段内进行的动作时间状语：the whole morning，from two to four yesterday afternoon.I was tidying my bedroom the whole morning.We were working from two to four yesterday afternoon.三、完成体（一）现在完成时动词形式：have/has done（助动词）否定 疑问助动词 have/has + not 助动词 have/has 提至句首I
18、 have worked.He has worked.They have worked.1. 强调不久前完成的动作对现在产生的影响。谓语用非延续性动词。时间状语：just，already ，yet（用于否定和疑问句） ，lately，recently，in the last/past few days，up to now，so far.He has just gone out.6I have already finished my lunch.Have you finished the news yet?He has written 8 books so far.In the past few
19、 years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.2. 强调直到现在为止的生活经历。时间状语：never，ever （用于否定和疑问句） ， （only）once，twice，three times等，可以用 how many times 提问，谓语用延续性动词。He has never been late for school.-Have you ever climbed that mountain? -Yes，several times.-How many times have you ever been to Beijing? -O
20、nly once.【注意】have gone to 与 have been to 的区别have gone to 表示去而未归，have been to 表示去过。It cant be John. He has gone to town.John knows the way well. He has been to the city before.3. 表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续至今，可能刚刚结束也可能继续下去。时间状语：for + 时间段，since + 时间点，可以用 how long 提问，谓语用延续性动词。- How long have you lived here? -I
21、 have lived here for about ten years.We have been very busy since the new term began.4. This/It is the first/secondtime +（that）从句。that 从句用现在完成时。This is the first time（that ）I have come here.5. It is / has been + 一段时间 + since 从句，since 从句用一般过去时。【注意】肯定句中非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的词、短语或句子连用，但在否定句中可以用。肯定句中若有表示时间段的状
22、语，非延续性动词要换成延续性动词。We havent come here for ages.The rain hasnt stopped since three hours ago.I have joined the Youth volunteers.I have been in the Youth volunteers for five years.（误）He has come to Beijing since last year.（正）He has lived in Beijing since last year.（误）He has joined the army for 3 years.
23、（正）He joined the army 3 years ago.He has been a soldier for 3 years.Its 3 years since he joined the army.常见的非延续性动词变延续性动词的具体情况如下：非延续性动词 延续性动词buy haveborrow keeparrive，come stay /be here/ be inlearn know7marry be marriedcome back be backleave be awaydie be deadbegin，start be onfinish，end be overjoin b
24、e in / be afall asleep/ill be asleep/illput on wearget to know know（二）过去完成时动词形式：had done（助动词）否定 疑问助动词 had + not 助动词 had 提至句首I had worked.He had worked.They had worked.1. 表示动作发生在过去的过去。即：一个动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经完成。时间状语：by the end of last month，by the time I was five，by that time 或根据上下文提示。By the end of las
25、t month he had only finished half of the work.By the time I was five，I had started learning English.I found your coat after you had left the house.2. 表示从过去某一时间以前就已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，并有可能继续下去。时间状语：for，since 引导的表示时间的短语或从句连用。She said that she made much progress since she came here.I had worked in a car fa
26、ctory for two year before I came here.3. 在宾语从句中也经常使用过去完成时，表示从句动作先于主句动作发生。I thought I had seen him before.He told his Mom that he had run out of his money to buy books.4. It was/had been + 一段时间 + since 从句。Since 从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.5. It / That / This
27、was the first / secondtime + that 从句。that 从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.That was the first time that I had passed the exam.6. 表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope，except，mean，intend，want，think，suppose 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。8I had
28、meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.I had thought you would come tomorrow.我本以为你明天才来呢。动词时态专项练习一、单项选择1. what did Yang Ying say? ( C ) She said they _ a school trip the next weekend.A. will have B. had C. would have D. have2. Your sweater looks smart. Where _you _ it? ( B )A. do; get B.
29、 did; get C. will; get D. have got3. I dont remember when and where I _ this umbrella. ( D )A. buy B. have bought C. will buy D. bought4. Whats his brother? He is a teacher. He _ maths at a school. ( C )A. taught B. has taught C. teaches D. will teach5. The clothing store _ a sale. The clothes there
30、 are very cheap. ( C )A. has B. had C. is having D. was having6. Hello, Mary! This is John. You must know why I _ you. ( B ) Oh, hello, John! Ive waited for this call since last month.A. called B. am calling C. was calling D. have called7. Where is your cousin? ( D ) He _ an English exam now.A. has
31、B. had C. has had D. is having8. Betty will ring me up when she _ in Shanghai. ( B )A. arrive B. arrives C. arrived D. will arrive9. Wheres Lisa, Eric? ( C ) She _ to the library.A. goes B. had gone C. has gone D. would go10. Our English teacher is very nice. We _ friends since three years ago. ( C
32、)A. were B. became C. have been D. have made11. Hello, may I speak to Mr. Smith? ( B ) Sorry, he isnt in. He _ the office.A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been away 12. The task _ in an hour. Then we can go home and have a good rest. ( B )A. was finished B. will be finished C. has been finished
33、D. cant be finished13. Sandy, I called you at 9:00 last night, but nobody answered the phone. ( B )9 Im sorry. We _ a birthday party _ Jerry.A. had; with B. were having; for C. are having; for D. had; for14. Did you sleep well last night? ( C ) Far from that! One of my neighbors _ music pretty loud.
34、A. plays B. is playing C. was playing D. would play15. If Tom _ the game, well give him a surprise. ( B )A. win B. wins C. won D. winning【强化训练】16. The supermarket is far from Marys house. So she _ only once a week. ( A )A. goes shopping B. has been there C. was shopping D. has gone there17. Mike, go
35、 and see who _ football on the playground. ( A )A. is playing B. plays C. played D. were playing18. _ you _ to the radio? ( D )No, you can turn it off.A. Did; listen B. Have; listen C. Do; listen D. Are; listening19. Our teacher, Miss Chen, _ English on the radio the day before yesterday. ( B )A. te
36、aches B. taught C. will teach D. had taught20. I called you at about half past eight last night, but nobody answered. ( B )Oh, I _ in my office at that time.A. will work B. was working C. worked D. had worked21. Why not go to see the dolphin show with me? ( D ) Because I _ it.A. saw B. will see C. s
37、ee D. have seen22. Is your mother at home? ( C )No, She _ shopping.A. has been to B. goes C. has gone D. has been in23. Im sorry youve missed the train. It _ 10 minutes ago. ( A )A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been away24. Do you know Jack well? ( D ) Certainly. We _ friends since ten years
38、ago.A. were B. have made C. have become D. have been25. How many times _ you _ to Beijing this year? ( A )A. have; been B. had; been C. have; gone D. had; gone26. When I got there, he _ them to dance. ( C )A. is teaching B. teaches C. was teaching D. taught27. The train is leaving right now, but Dav
39、id hasnt arrived yet. ( C ) Well, he said he _ here on time.A. came B. will be C. would come D. can be 1028. Excuse me, look at the sign NO PHOTOS! ( B ) Sorry, I _ it.A. dont see B. didnt see C. havent seen D. wont see29. Hurry up! Its time to leave. ( A ) Ok. _. A. Im coming B. Ill come C. Ive com
40、e D. I come30. There _ a football game between Italy and Germany tomorrow morning. ( B )A. has B. is going to be C. will have D. has been31. I will tell him as soon as he _ back ( B )A. come B. comes C. will come D. came32. Mary _ on shoes when she _ them. ( A )A. triesbuys B. tries buies C. trys bu
41、ys D. trys buies33. _ your mother _ some cleaning on Sundays? ( C )A. Doesdoes B. Dodoes C. Doesdo D. Do do34. Well go to play with snow if it _ tomorrow. ( B )A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed35. Some are _ in the river and some are _ games. ( C )A. swiming playing B. swimmingplaiingC. swimmi
42、ng playing D. swimingplaing36. Look ! The boy students are _ football while the girls are _ . ( B )A. playing dance B. playing dancingC. play dancing D. play dance37. Mr. Smith _ short stories, but he _ a TV play these days. ( C )A. is writingis writing B. is writing writesC. writes is writing D. wr
43、ites writes38. I _ to the cinema. I _ there every Sunday. ( B ) A. gogo B. am going go C. go am going D. am goingam going39. When you _ at the door, I _ some washing. ( C )A. knocked did B. was knocking did C. knocked was doing D. knock am doing 40. The boy_ English on the radio when I _ his door. (
44、 B )A. learned was opening B. was learning openedC. learned opened D. is learning open41. While mother _ some washing, I _ a kite for Peter. ( C )A. did made B. was doing madeC. was doing was making D. did was making42. He _ a model plane when I came to see him. ( C )A. makes B. is making C. was mak
45、ing D. made1143. I _ a letter at nine last night. ( B )A. is writing B. was writing C. wrote D. is writing44. The teacher_ us a history lesson when Tom walked into the classroom. ( D )A. gave B. is giving C. was given D. was giving45. There will be a football match in two days, that is _.( D )A. las
46、t Sunday B. next SundayC. every Sunday D. this Sunday46. We _ class meeting this November. ( C )A. had B. have C. will have D. are having47. He _ in his garden every morning next year. ( A )A. will work B. works C. worked D. is working48. Look at those clouds. It _ soon, Im afraid. ( A )A. is going
47、to rain B. is raining C. will rain D. wont rain49. “ He _ to draw horses already.“ When _he?”. “ Last year. “( D )A. learnedhas B. learneddid C. has learnedhas D. has learneddid50. Tom _ up into the tree. Look, he _ high up there ! ( A )A. has got is B. has climbed was C. got was D. climbed is51. _you
