1、 1形容词和副词，连词和介词的用法一. 语法小结：形容词的用法：（一）形容词在句中的用法：1. 定语：I have to look after the sick boy. 2. 表语：Dont feel bad . Everything will be all right. 以 a 开头的形容词 asleep , alone , alive , awake , afraid , alike , ashamed , aware ，以及content , unable , sure , sorry 等常用作表语，ill , well 等表示身体健康状况时，只作表语。作定语时要用 sick 和 he
2、althy. 3. 宾补：Who left the door open ? I found him asleep. 4. 状语：He spent seven days in the wind and snow , cold and hungry. （表示动作发生的情况或方式）Crusoe stared at the footprint , full of fear. （表示动作发生的原因）5. 作独立成分：Strange to say , he did pass the exam after all. 说也奇怪，他到底还是通过考试了。（二）形容词修饰名词的顺序：1. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序：
3、当几个表示不同种类的形容词同时修饰一个名词时，它的顺序是：限 定 词 冠 词 +代 词 /名 词 所 有 格 /序 数 词 /基 数 词 + 类 别 +名 词 中 心 词 描 绘 /大 小 /新 旧 /颜 色 /类 别 表示限定的词：（1）放在冠词前的形容词有：all , both , such（2）冠词、指示代词、物主代词、不定代词有：a , the , this , that , my , his , some , every , each , etc. （3）序数词放在基数词的前面：the first one （第一）， the second half（下半场）表示类别的词：表示内在性质
4、的词要放在表示状态的词前。（1）性质（描绘性形容词）：nice , clever , fine , beautiful , interesting（2）状态（大小、新旧等形容词）：large , big , old , hot , red , new , young , little（3）专用的形容词（国籍等）：Chinese , English （4）生产原料：wooden , plastic , cotton 例：It is a useless , old , big , yellow English car. 这是一辆没有用的、旧的、黄色的英国大轿车。She was a hungry ,
5、 tired , sleepy little match girl. 她是一个又饿又累又想睡的卖火柴的小女孩。2All of the first five gifted American scientists were greatly honoured. 前五位杰出的美国科学家全都受到了表彰。2. 形容词作后置定语的两种情况：（1）由 all- , some- , no- , any - 和 every-+thing 等构成的不定代词（象 something , everything , nothing 等），被形容词所修饰时，形容词后置。Is there anything interesti
6、ng in todays newspaper ? He found theres nothing new in what she said at the meeting. （2）下列形容词修饰名词时，也要后置。present（出席的），available （可利用的），responsible（负责的），alive（活着的）Do all the people present agree with him ? He is regarded as the greatest man alive in the world. 3. 形容词与定冠词 the 连用：有些形容词与定冠词 the 连用，表示一类人
7、或事物，相当于一个名词，作主语时，动词用复数形式，这些形容词可以说是名词化了的形容词。The young are fond of pop music. Take care of the dead and the dying. 在某些习语或词组中，这种用法也不少：from bad to worse , at large , at the best , at the most , for good , at the latest , do ones best , in general , etc（三）形容词的比较级和最高级的用法：1. 同级比较的句型（1）as+原级as被比较的对象例：He is
8、as diligent as the monitor. 他和班长一样勤奋用功。（2）主语谓语no形容词的比较级than+被比较的对象例：He is no more careful than you are. 他不比你更仔细。2. 比较级的句型（1）主语谓语形容词比较级than被比较的对象例：Do you know why winter is colder than summer ? 你知道冬天为什么比夏天冷吗？This room is less beautiful than that one. 这间房不如那间漂亮。（2）主语谓语not so （as）+形容词原级as + 被比较的对象例：Tom
9、 is not so busy as Dick. 汤姆不如狄克忙。（3）主语谓语the形容词比较级of（两者比较）例：He is the taller of the two brothers. 他是两兄弟中个头较高的那个。（4）no more than （ only , not any more than）仅仅，只有3例：His entire school education added up to no more than one year. 他全部接受教育的时间加起来也只有一年。（5）not more than （at most ）至多，不超过例：He has not more than
10、twenty yuan in his pocket. 他口袋里的钱不超过 20 元。形容词的比较级还可用在某些句型中：（1）the more the more 越是就越The busier he is , the happier he is. （2）more and more 越来越Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. （3）all the more 因而更加As a result , the rich became all the richer. That will make the work all the more dif
11、ficult. （4）more or less 大体上，或多或少The question is more or less settled. （5）more （less）than 不止，不到She cant be more than 40. He is more than a friend to me. The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms. （6）so much the better （worse）就更好，就更糟If hell help us , so mush the better . If he doesnt work , so much t
12、he worse for him. 此外，还有 any more , not any longer , no longer , had better 等句型。3. 最高级的句型（1）形容词最高级（名词）表示范围的状语例：She is the most active student in our class. 她是我们班最活跃的学生。（2）one of + 形容词最高级例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country. 上海是我国最大城市之一。（3）序数词最高级例：Africa is the second largest contine
13、nt in the world. 非洲是世界第二大大陆。（4）否定词形容词比较级例：No one can be more careful than he is. 没有人比他更加仔细。（5）形容词比较级than any other +名词例：He is busier than any other worker in his workshop. 他比车间里任何一个工人都忙。注意：“most +形容词”的结构可以表示非常高的程度，没有比较的意思，这种结构用作定语时，可以不用冠词或用不定冠词。例：What you have said is most interesting. 你说的很有趣。He wro
14、te me a most interesting letter. 他给我写了一封很有趣的信。44. 注意表示倍数的比较级的几种句式（1）倍数（或份数）as + 形容词as被比较的对象例：This room is about two thirds as large as that one. 这个房间大约是那个房间的三分之二。Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲面积有欧洲 4 倍之大。（2）倍数（或分数、百分数）形容词比较级than +被比较的对象例：Our school is three times bigger than yours. 我们学校比你
15、们学校大 3 倍。（3）倍数（或分数）the size of +被比较的对象例：The new factory is five times the size of the old one. 新厂的规模是旧厂的 5 倍。注意：除了以上一些比较句型外，还有其它一些表示比较的方法。例：He is twice my age. 他的年龄比我大一倍。There is only one year between us. 我们之间只差一岁。5. 易错形容词与名词的搭配名 词 可 用 的 修 饰 语 不 可 用 的 修 饰 语 poulation（ 人 口 ） big ,smal many ,a few sal
16、ry（ 工 资 ） big ,sal hig ,lo price（ 价 格 ） hig ,low cheap ,expensive sped（ 速 度 ） hig ,lo ,great fast ,slow amount（ 数 量 ） big ,smal many ,much quantiy（ 数 量 ） big ,sal any ,uch size（ 尺 寸 ） big ,smal many ,much cost（ 开 支 ） big ,sal any ,uch 注意：对于这类名词常用 what 提问。例：Whats the population of Beijing ? 北京的人口是多少？
17、副词的用法：（一）副词在句中的作用：副词在句中主要用作状语，它可以用来修饰动词（a），形容词（b），副词（c），有时用来修饰整个句子（d）. a. Dont drive too fast . The visitors were warmly welcomed by the hosts. b. You dont know how grateful we are to you. Her eyes were wide open. 5c. I cant speak so fluently as he does. d. Frankly I dont agree with him. （二）副词在句中的位置
18、：1. 大多数副词可以放在动词后面，Everything goes smoothly. I remember having seen him somewhere. 2. 频率副词通常放在动词前面或情态动词，助动词，be 动词后面。She often does this. You must always remember this. She is seldom ill. He has never been late. 还有一些副词也放在这个位置上，如：already , yet , once , nearly , almost , just , really , suddenly , certa
19、inly , still , soon , surely , etcI almost forgot about the whole thing. You must really be careful. 上面所谈副词中也有少数可以放在动词后面。I remember having seen him once. Such things do happen sometimes. 3. 一些形容整个句子的副词通常放在句子的开头。Actually , obviously , generally speaking , fortunately , unfortunately , strangely , hop
20、efully , first of all , at first , perhaps , certainly , originally , basicallyLuckily Peter was there. 4. 程度副词一般都放在它所修饰的词前面。Im terribly sorry about it. We meet fairly often. This book is definitely more suitable for children to read than that one. I dont quite agree with you. （三）副词的修饰作用：表示程度的修饰语在运用
21、中应注意习惯，还应注意程度的比较。1. 表示“轻微”程度（a little , a bit , a little bit ）例：I felt a little tired. 我觉得有一点累。The clock is a bit slow. 这个闹钟慢了一点。2. 表示“一定”程度（quite , fairly ）例：The book is quite good . 这本书相当好。3. 表示“强调”程度（very , very much , so that , too to , much）。例：The novel is very interesting. 那部小说很有趣。6George was
22、very （much , very much）delighted to see his aunt. 4. much too + 形容词是一种表示 “强调”程度的结构。例：You are here much too late. 你来这里太迟了。下面的过去分词是形容词，可用 much 来修饰：frightened , excited , disappointed , pleased , satisfied , interested , surprised 等。5. 在英语中能用来修饰比较级结构的词有：a bit , a little , rather , much , many , far , b
23、y far , a lot , a great deal , any , still , even 等。例：The film was far better than I had expected. 这部电影比我预料的要好得多。Houses are much （far , a lot）more expensive these days. 最近房价比以前要贵得多。用 many 和 much 来修饰比较级时，要注意后面是可数名词还是不可数名词；名词是可数名词，要用 many more ；名词是不可数名词要用 much more。比较：I spend much more time on English
24、 than I did. 我现在花比以前更多的时间学英语。I spend many more hours a day on English than I did. 与以前相比，每天我多花了几个小时学英语。此外，倍数词、数量词短语，也可作比较级结构的修饰语，any 修饰比较级形容词时，多用于否定句或疑问句中。下列词语可用来修饰形容词或副词的最高级。far , by far , much , nearly , almost常用的修饰最高级的程度副词一般常用的有 almost , altogether , by far , far , nearly , practically , quite , t
25、he very 等。区别：far 总是放在比较级或最高级之前。by far 可以放在比较级或最高级前或后。例：This is far the best of all. 这是所有当中最好的。In our class he is the tallest by far. 在我们班他是个子最高的。He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 他是两兄弟当中个子高的那个。（四）两种形式相似，但意义不同的副词辨析：hard（艰苦地），hardly（几乎不），fair（公正），fairly（相当），high（高），highly（高度的），firm（稳定），firm
26、ly（完全地），most（非常），mostly （主要地），clear（清晰地）， clearly（显然），near（接近），nearly（几乎）例：He works vyhard. ls他 努 力 工 作 。他 几 乎 不 工 作 。Th bn epito ea. Iamdlgrafulrvicyuge m.尸 体 已 沉 入 深 海 。我 非 常 感 激 你 给 我 的 劝 告 。7You wilbe jstlyrade foryu frts. Mar jtlf. 因 为 你 的 努 力 ， 你 将 会 受 到 公 正 的 奖 赏 。玛 莉 刚 刚 离 开 。The pln hign te
27、sky. Cocitd l til ofthmselv. 飞 机 在 高 空 飞 行 。自 高 自 大 的 人 常 常 自 吹 自 擂 。The win asie pn.mputrodlyus irdaily fe.窗 户 大 开 着 。计 算 机 现 在 被 广 泛 用 于 我 们 的 日 常 生 活 之 中 。e st lita imot fvbl orth pl. Th dicn wstly ugrnd wate. 当 今 世 界 形 势 对 人 民 非 常 有 利 。这 种 药 主 要 成 分 是 糖 和 水 。Come ar liteo .Itis nly fivclk. 5Thi
28、ater ons uery al. 靠 近 一 点 听 我 说 。快 要 点 了 。这 件 事 与 你 关 系 密 切 。（五）常用副词辨析：1. a bit , a little 辨析：a little 与 a bit 都有 “一点儿，有点儿”的意思，可以修饰形容词、副词等，意思相近。在修饰名词时，a little 后面可直接接不可数名词，而 a bit 后面须加上 of，再接不可数名词。另外，not a little 相当于 much ，而 not a bit 则相当于 not at all （一点也不）。例：Its a little / a bit cold here . 这儿有点冷。T
29、hats a bit / a little much to pay. 那笔要付的钱多了一些。There is a little milk in the glass. 或 There is a bit of milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里有点儿牛奶。Im not a little tired. 我很累。Im not a bit tired. 我一点不累。2. almost , nearly 辨析：almost 与 nearly 作“几乎，差一点，差不多，将近”解。只是 nearly 表示的程度和差距比 almost 大。（1）两者都可以修饰 all , every , alway
30、s 等词，都可用于否定句中。8（2）在 very , pretty , not 后面用 nearly , 不用 almost。（3）在 any , no , never 前用 almost，不用 nearly。（4）与 not 连用，多用 nearly。not nearly 表示“远没有 ”之义。例：We are almost home. 我们就要到家了。（比较：We are nearly home. 我们快要到家了。）Almost no one （= Hardly anyone ）believed the stranger. 几乎没有一个人相信这位陌生人。It isnt nearly so
31、easy as you think. 这远远不如你所想像的那么容易。fairly , 辨析：fairly 意思为“相当地，适度地，说得过去地”，一般用来表示积极的含义，主要用于“好”的一方面。fairly 与普通副词相同，即冠词 a / an 不能置其后，必须置其前。rather 一般用来表示消极的含意。（1）可与 too 连用。（2）可与形容词或副词比较级连用。（3）可与动词连用。quite 通常侧重主观看法，意为“完全地，几乎”，用于某些动词之前。This test is rather too difficult for me and rather too easy for you. 这次
32、考试对我来说相当难，而对你来说相当容易。The weather was rather worse than I had expected. 天气比我所预料的更糟糕。I rather want to see this film. 我很想去看电影。I dont quite agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的意见。对比：This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅显的书。（指容易而适当。）This is a rather easy book. 这本书过于浅显。（指过分容易而不适当。）前者表示肯定或赞许，后者表示否定或不以为然。习惯用语：would rathe
33、r than（宁愿而不），would rather not（宁愿不）连词的用法：（一）连词的分类：连词主要分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词，词组，或分句。从属连词是用来引起从句的。（二）连词的用法：并列连词：1. 表示意思转折的：but , yet , however , nevertheless , It was raining hard . However , he went on with his work . 9She had failed many times , nevertheless she didnt give up. 2. 表示因果关系的：for ,
34、therefore, He broke the law ; therefore he was put in prison. 3. 其他的并列连词：and , or , either or , neither nor , not only but also , both and , as well as 从属连词1. 引导时间，原因，条件，让步，比较，目的，结果等状语从句的从属连词when , while , as , after , before , since , until , as soon as , once , / because , as , since , now that ,
35、seeing that / if , even if , unless , in case , as long as , on condition that / though , although , / than , as as , not as （so） as / so that , in order that / so that , such that /2. 引导主语，宾语，表语从句的从属连词that , whether , if 介词的用法：介词是英语中搭配最强，也是最活跃的词类之一，应重点掌握。完形填空、短文改错均有考查。（一）常用介词的基本用法及搭配：常用介词有 at , in
36、, for , of , from , with , by , behind , outside , above , before , after , below , over , under , between , among 等。at daybreak （在破晓），at this time （moment）（此刻）， at one time（同时，过去有个时期），at the beginning （of）（在之初），at the end of （在之末），at noon （在正午），at night （在夜晚），at first （起先）， at last （最后）， at once （马
37、上）at the post office , at the airport , at dawn , at home , at the weekend , at the age of 25 , at the end of , at sunset , at Christmas , at sea , at once , at first , at last , at least , at work , at all , at the same time , at birth , at present , at sight of , at any time , at the most , at the
38、 bottom , at the head of , at a time , at times , at the base , at the time of , at the speed of , at a height of , at the top , at college , at breakfast , at the latestin the world , in China , in the evening , in （the）future , in the snow （rain , storm）, in 1997 , in March , in ink , in English ,
39、 in the newspaper （book , magazine）, in those days , in the past , in all , in fact , in a hurry , in short , in public , in return , in turn , in a word , in detail , in time , in the end , in order to , in danger , in this way , in that case , in a short while , in search of , in place of , in the
40、 air , in case , in common , in the hope of , in need of , in other words , in praise of , in silence , in space , in the past , in ones opinion , in modern times , in surprise , in a minute , in the centre of , in the heart of , in the open air , in bed on Monday , on Sundays , on the phone , on fo
41、ot , on the blackboard , on （in ）the street , on paper , on the head （shoulder , door）, on your right （left）, on business , on Tuesday evening , on my birthday , on the other hand , on fire , on business , on duty , on time , on sale , on TV , on top of , on holiday , on the radio , on show , on ear
42、th , on the earth , on board , on the air , on fire , on average , on ones own , and so onby ship （sea , water）, by plane （air）, by bus（bike）, by himself, by chance , by hand , 10by heart , by mail , by mistake , by phone , by lorry , by law , by accident , by force , by road , year by year , side b
43、y side , stone by stone , by now（then）for that reason , for example , for two years , for ever , for the time being , for sale , for free , for one thing , for oneself , for nothing , for a while , for long（be）of much use , die of , be made of , a map of China , a cup of tea（coffee）, a piece of brea
44、d , rob sb. of sth ., be fond of , make fun of , be tired of , of ones own , of course , because of , instead of , run out of to the door , to ones surprise （joy , astonishment , satisfaction）, to the east（north） of , key （answer , entrance）to , come up to , add up to , speak to , talk to , be open
45、to the public , to the point , thanks to. （二）容易错、常考的介词及搭配1. be made of （物理变化）由 而制成），be made from （化学变化）由而制成），make A into B（把 A 制成 B），be made in （由某地）生产）2. call on = visit （拜访），call for sb. （邀约某人）go and pick sb. up / call at a place（拜访某地）3. on business（出差）/strike （罢工）/duty（值日） / holiday（度假）/ fire（失火）
46、/vacation （度假）/watch（警戒） /sale（出售）/leave（请假）/guard （警戒）4. have some trouble / difficulty （in）doing sth. （在做方面有困难），have a habit（习惯） /idea（想法）/plan（计划）of doing sth. 5. A is pleased to B , B is pleased with A （对感到高兴）6. get tired of （感到厌烦）7. with the help of , under the leadership of （在的帮助领导下）8. by mean
47、s of （通过）， by way of （经由），by heart（记住），by the way（顺便说一下）9. out of question（毫无疑问），out of the question（毫无可能）10. prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth . （阻止某人做某事）11. be thankful to sb. for sth. （为某事感激某人）12. steal sth . from sb. rob sb. of sth. 13. insist on doing sth . （坚持做），persist in doing sth. （坚
48、持做），stick to （坚持），go on doing sth. （坚持做）14. set about doing sth ., set out to do sth. （着手开始做）15. 注意表身体部位的某些名词前要加定冠词。 look sb. in the face , hit sb. on the face , lead the cow by the nose16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour （帮某人一个忙）17. reply / depend on sb. （依靠某人）， live on （以为主食）18. tell A form
49、B （区分 A 与 B）（三）介词惯用型1. above all （首先），after all （毕竟），at all （全然）2. day after day （日复一日）， year after year（年复一年）， one after one（一个接着一个），one after another（一个接着另一个）3. at peace（和平），at home（在家），at war（战争），at times（时常），at dinner（吃饭）114. by oneself （独自）， by all means（尽一切办法；务必），by chance（偶然），by accident（碰巧），by no means（决不），by means of（用；依靠），by the way （顺便）5. in her teens （在她十几岁时）， in pain（在疼痛），in danger（在危险之中），in need（在需要
