1、Text 1Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1 - 7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in t
2、he passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8 - 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.SleepSleep is one of those funny things about being a human being - you just have to do it. Have you ever wondered why? And what about t
3、he crazy dreams, like the one where a bad person is chasing you and you cant run or yell. Does that make any sense?Characteristics of SleepWhen we see someone sleeping, we recognize the following characteristics:If possible, the person will lie down to go to sleep.The persons eyes are closed.The per
4、son doesnt hear anything unless it is a loud noise.The person breathes in a slow, rhythmic pattern.The persons muscles are completely relaxed. If sitting up, the person may fall out of his or her chair as sleep deepens.During sleep, the person occasionally rolls over or rearranges his or her body. T
5、his happens approximately once or twice an hour. This may be the bodys way of making sure that no part of the body or skin has its circulation cut off for too long a period of time.In addition to these outward signs, the heart slows down and the brain does some pretty funky things.In other words, a
6、sleeping person is unconscious to most things happening in the environment. The biggest difference between someone who is asleep and someone who has fainted or gone into a coma is the fact that a sleeping person can be aroused if the stimulus presented by is strong enough. If you shake the person, y
7、ell loudly or flash a bright light, a sleeping person will wake up.Who Sleeps?Reptiles(爬行动物), birds and mammals all sleep. That is, they become unconscious to their surroundings for periods of time. Some fish and amphibians (两栖动物) reduce their awareness but do not ever become unconscious like the hi
8、gher vertebrates(脊椎动物) do. Insects do not appear to sleep, although they may become inactive in daylight or darkness.By studying brainwaves, it is known that reptiles do not dream. Birds dream a little. Mammals all dream during sleep.Different animals sleep in different ways. Some animals, like huma
9、ns, prefer to sleep in one long session. Other animals like to sleep in many short bursts. Some sleep at night, while others sleep during the day.Sleep and the BrainIf you attach an electroencephalograph to a persons head, you can record the persons brainwave activity. An awake and relaxed person ge
10、nerates alpha waves, which are consistent oscillations at about 10 cycles per second. An alert person generates beta waves, which are about twice as fast.During sleep, two slower patterns called theta waves and delta waves take over. Theta waves have oscillations in the range of 3.5 to 7 cycles per
11、second, and delta waves have oscillations of less than 3.5 cycles per second. As a person falls asleep and sleep deepens, the brainwave patterns slow down. A person deep in delta wave sleep is hardest to wake up.REM SleepAt several points during the night, something unexpected happens - rapid eye mo
12、vement (REM) sleep occurs. Most people experience three to five intervals of REM sleep per night, and brainwaves during this period speed up to awake levels. If you ever watch a person or a dog experiencing REM sleep, you will see their eyes flickering back and forth rapidly. In many dogs and some p
13、eople, arms, legs and facial muscles will twitch during REM sleep. Periods of sleep other than REM sleep are known as NREM (non-REM) sleep.REM sleep is when you dream. If you wake up a person during REM sleep, the person can vividly recall dreams. If you wake up a person during NREM sleep, generally
14、 the person will not be dreaming.You must have both REM and NREM sleep to get a good nights sleep. A normal person will spend about 25 percent of the night in REM sleep, and the rest in NREM. A REM session a dream - lasts five to 30 minutes.When You Miss Some ZzzzsOne way to understand why we sleep
15、is to look at what happens when we dont get enough: As you know if you have ever pulled an all-nighter, missing one night of sleep is not fatal. A person will generally be irritable during the next day and will either slow down (become tired easily) or will be totally wired because of adrenalin (肾上腺
16、素).If a person misses two nights of sleep, it gets worse. Concentration is difficult, and attention span falls by the wayside. Mistakes increase.After three days, a person will start to hallucinate and clear thinking is impossible. With continued wakefulness a person can lose grasp of reality. Rats
17、forced to stay awake continuously will eventually die, proving that sleep is essential.A person who gets just a few hours of sleep per night can experience many of the same problems over time.Two other things are known to happen during sleep. Growth hormone in children is secreted during sleep, and
18、chemicals important to the immune system are secreted during sleep. You can become more prone to disease if you dont get enough sleep, and a childs growth can be stunted(阻碍) by sleep deprivation.Why Sleep?No one really knows why we sleep. But, there are all kinds of theories, including these: Sleep
19、gives the body a chance to repair muscles and other tissues, replace aging or dead cells, etc.Sleep gives the brain a chance to organize and archive memories. Dreams are thought by some to be part of this process.Sleep lowers our energy consumption, so we need three meals a day rather than four or f
20、ive. Since we cant do anything in the dark anyway, we might as well “turn off“ and save the energy.What we all know is that, with a good nights sleep, everything looks and feels better in the morning. Both the brain and the body are refreshed and ready for a new day.DreamsThe brain creates dreams th
21、rough random electrical activity. Random is the key word here. About every 90 minutes the brain stem sends electrical impulses throughout the brain, in no particular order or fashion. The analytic portion of the brain - the forebrain-then desperately tries to make sense of these signals. It is like
22、looking at a Rorschach test, a random splash of ink on paper. The only way of comprehending it is by viewing the dream (or the inkblot) metaphorically, symbolically, since theres no literal message.This doesnt mean that dreams are meaningless or should be ignored. How our forebrains choose to “analy
23、ze“ the random and discontinuous images may tell us something about ourselves, just as what we see in an inkblot can be revelatory. And perhaps there is a purpose to the craziness: Our minds may be working on deep-seated problems through these circuitous and less threatening metaphorical dreams.Here
24、 are some other things you may have noticed about your dreams:Dreams tell a story. They are like a TV show, with scenes, characters and props.Dreams are egocentric. They almost always involve you.Dreams incorporate things that have happened to you recently. They can also incorporatedeep wishes and f
25、ears.A noise in the environment is often worked in to a dream in some way, giving some credibility to the idea that dreams are simply the brains response to random impulses.You usually cannot control a dream - in fact, many dreams emphasize your lack of control by making it impossible to run or yell
26、.Dreaming is important. In sleep experiments where a person is woken up every time he/she enters REM sleep, the person becomes increasingly impatient and uncomfortable over time.How Much Sleep Do I Need?Most adult people seem to need seven to nine hours of sleep a night. This is an average, and it i
27、s also subjective. You, for example, probably know how much sleep you need in an average night to feel your best.The amount of sleep you need decreases with age. A newborn baby might sleep 20 hours a day. By age four, the average is 12 hours a day. By age 10, the average falls to 10 hours a day. Sen
28、ior citizens can often get by with six or seven hours a day.1. This passage tells us why people have to sleep and what causes dreams.2. During sleep, the person is conscious to most things happening in the environment.3. Neither reptiles nor birds dream during sleep.4. A normal person spends the mai
29、n part of the night in NREM sleep.5. If you miss one night of sleep, you will lose your appetite to some extent.6. Nobody really knows the reason why we sleep.7. Generally speaking, you need less amount of sleep as you grow older.8. The slower _ , the deeper the sleep.9. REM in this passage stands f
30、or _.10. The brain stem sends electrical impulses throughout the brain about every _.Text 2Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quicklyFor questions 1-7, markY (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO)if he statement co
31、ntradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage;For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.SpidersSpiders can be distinguished from other Arachnids because the prosoma (combined head and thorax)
32、 is only separated from the opisthosoma (abdomen) by a narrow waist, in other Arachnids the whole body appears to be much more of a single unit. All spiders produce silk, but only some construct webs to catch their homes and to protect their eggs.All spiders possess poison glands but very few of the
33、m are dangerous to humans, of the 600 species in Britain only 12 (at least one of these is a recent human assisted colonist) are strong enough to pierce the human skin, and apart from allergies, none are more dangerous than a common wasp. Most spiders have 8 eyes (though some have 6,4,2 or 0), as we
34、ll as 8 legs. (By the way if you count the claws as separate leg section(which you shouldnt really)then their legs have 8 parts as well(coxa, trochanter , femur, patella, tibia, tarsus, metatarsus, claws). There are more than 32,000 known species of spider in the world. No human being has ever been
35、officially recorder as having died as the result of a tarantulas bite.All spiders are carnivorous and feed only on liquids, i.e. their preys natural juices and the breakdown products of external digestion (meaning they spit, exude or inject digestive juices onto/into their prey and suck up the resul
36、ting soup). So why not invite some to your next social do?Whats In a NameThe word Arachnid comes from the Greek word Arachne, who was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon in Lydia, a dyer by trade. Arachne herself was a weaver, the best in all the known world. However in a foolish moment she challenged
37、 Athene, the daughter of Zeus and goddess of, among other things, waving to a weaving competition. Arachne wove so perfect a cloth that she tore it to shreds. Arachne became depressed after this and in the end she hung herself. Athene stirred to remorse at the knowledge of what her anger had wrought
38、 turned the rope Arachne had used to hang herself into a web and Arachne herself into a spider so that the beauty of her spinning should not be lost to the world ever again.The Great Household Spider SafariThere are just over six hundred different sorts of spiders in the British Isles. But of these
39、only a handful are commonly found in houses. At the front of the head are a pair of what appear to be small legs. These are called palps and are used to guide food to the spiders mouth. The front of the head also has a group of six or eight eyes. On the underside of the body at the rear, are four or
40、 six small conical bumps or cylinders. There are the spinnerets from which the spider produces the silk to make its webs.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by looking at their palps. Males have swollen ends to their palps which makes them look as if they are wearing boxing gloves,
41、these are often strange shapes if looked at with a hand lens. Females have normal looking palps that are not swollen at the ends.The largest spider is the Goliath spider, the female of which grows to reach a leg span of ten inches. The largest spider in Britain is the Cardinal spider which is a clos
42、e cousin of Tim Tegenaria. Females can achieve a leg span of four and a half inches. It is known as the Cardinal spider as it was common in Hampton Court when Cardinal Wolsey lived there. The sight of these long legged spiders wandering around the palace at night used to frighten him. So far 32，000
43、different kinds of spider have been discovered from all over the world. Britain has 630 different kinds of spider of which 250 are tiny Money spiders. The smallest of which has a body less than one millimeter long.1.All the silk produced by spiders construct webs to catch their food.2.Not all the po
44、ison glands possessed by spiders are dangerous to human beings.3.Spiders often kill humans in Britain when they pierce human skin.4.After seeing her enemy commits suicide, Arachne turned Athene into a spider.5.Tim Tegenaria spiders are closely related to tarantula spiders; both are found in Britain.
45、6.So far 32,000 different kinds of spiders have been discovered from all over the world.7.Money spiders are the smallest spiders found in the Arachnids family.8.There are more than _ known species of spider in the world.9.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by _.10.The largest spide
46、r is_.Text 3 Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quicklyFor questions 1-7, markY (for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO)if he statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the inform
47、ation is not given in the passage;For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Computer CrimeA computer crime is generally defined as one that involves the use of computers and software for illegal purposes. This doesnt mean that all the crimes are new types o
48、f crime. On the contrary, many of these crimes, such as embezzlement of funds, the alteration of records, theft, vandalism, sabotage, and terrorism, can be committed without a computer. But with a computer, these offenses can be carried out more quickly and with less chance that the person responsib
49、le for the crime will be discovered.Computer crimes are on the rise and have been for the last twelve years. Just how much these computer crimes cost the American public is in dispute, but estimates range from$3 billion to$5 billion annually. Even the FBI, which attempts to keep track of the growth or decline of all kinds of crimes, is unable to say precisely how large a loss is involved; however, it estimates that the average tak
