1、定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有 3 个作用：1 ，引导定语从句。 2，代替先行词。 3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由
2、形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。（一） 限定性定语从句1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果 which 在从句中作“ 不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词 which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句
3、之间的语义关系，先行词与which 之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的句子中用 that 而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时等，这时的 that 常被省略 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where 是关系副词，
4、用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间 “time“一词的定语从句只用 when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用 that 引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers,
5、 soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.8. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。二）非限定性定语从句非限
6、定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂
7、亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时
8、as 也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词 why 和关系代词 that，而用who, whom 代表人，用 which 代表事物.；三）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the b
9、us.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend3.which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 如果在从句中做宾语,就用 whom 或 who.比如: He
10、 is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用 who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. w
11、hose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose 指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.（四）注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做
12、介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous sin
13、ger (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正确)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F错误)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关
14、系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者that；指物时用 which，不能用 that；关系代词是所有格时用 whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “
15、介词+关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.（五）
16、关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Ple
17、ase tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+ 关系代词 ”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he g
18、rew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.（六）判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错
19、（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。 ） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关
20、系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状 )，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例 1 D，例 2 A例 1 变为肯定句： This muse
21、um is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。 关系词的选
22、择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。（九）as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句 由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the e
23、arth, which is very important to us. 典型例题1 ）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案 C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that 修饰，而用 which.，it 和 he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。2 ）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. wha
24、t B. which C. that D. it 答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3 ）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the parkA. that B. which C. as D. it 答案 B. as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从
25、句可置于句首，而 which 不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。 在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有 正如。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. As is known, sm
26、oking is harmful to ones health. As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词 know 要用被动式。 一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：My grandmothers house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形
27、容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用 who / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词 do 和 as / which 一起代替。do 可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（
28、含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文
29、体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来，as 与 which 的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词 result, make, enable, cause 和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful 等。2. 表示评注表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或
30、某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知” 或“经常发生 ”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual 等。3. 有无状语意义 “as” 特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。四、关系代词 as 与 which 的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。as 作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是 be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a ru
31、le、 a matter of fact 等时，系动词 be 习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as” 特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词 be 常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有 happen 一词。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which 作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词 be 省略。2. as 和 which 都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as 和 which 在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：We thought hi
32、m a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as” 特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用 which 而不用 as。如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4. which 在特殊从定语句中作定语。which 可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰 fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as 不能作定语。如：I was told to go not by tr
33、ain but bus, which advice I followed.（十）关系代词 that 的用法(1)不用 that 的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错 )The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a)
34、在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。 (b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which。 (c) 先行词有 the only, the very,the same,the last,just 修饰时，只用 that。 (d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。. (e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时(g) 为了避免重复(h)先行词是 the way 时举例：Is this the b
35、ook that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who that break the window should be punished谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。（十一）难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用 that 的几种情况1 当先行词是 anything, ever
36、ything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each 等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) The
37、re is little that I can do for you.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被 the very, the only，the same,the las
38、t 修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
39、(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?（二）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1 As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest,
40、as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如 ，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than severa
41、l times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，常用 as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行词由 th
42、e same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。(三）以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the q
43、uestion was surprising.(四 ) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont )(五 ) 区分定语从句和同位语从句1 定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句2 定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词
44、引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由 that 引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导，充当成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much mon
45、ey is difficult to solve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用 be 动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves
46、around the earth. 18. 定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有： when, where, why 等。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1 ）who, whom, that这些词代替的
47、先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物， (只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pas
48、s me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3 ）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that 在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快
49、散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语）定语从句介词+关系词1 ）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2 ）that 前不能有介词。3 ）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？
