1、语法专项非谓语动词（一）一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive） ；动名词（the Gerund） ；现在分词（the Present Participle） ；过去分词（the Past Participle ） 。1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very we
2、ll.The suit used to fit him very well.3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at o
3、nce.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League members, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词） ，在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词） ，在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词） ，在句中作状语。（二）非谓语
4、动词的句法功能：句子成分非谓语 主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语不定式 动名词 （极少） 现在分词 过去分词 二、非谓语动词用法：（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1、不定式的形式：主 动 被 动一般式 to write to be written进行式 to be writing /完成式 to have written to have been written否定式：not + (to) do1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to kn
5、ow a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have
6、told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2、不定式的句法功能：1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语 it 作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose heart.
7、2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia
8、.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, fo
9、rce, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema. 有些动词如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等与不带有 to 的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加 to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A）动宾关系：I have a me
10、eting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修饰 time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got
11、 anything to type? 你有材料要打吗？（你自己打）Have you got anything to be typed? 你有材料要打吗？（请人打）B）说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.6）作状语：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：
12、To save money, every means has been tried.right: To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.B）表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用 only 放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.C）表原因：Th
13、ey were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留 to 省略 do 动词, 但保留 be, have(表完成)If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略 to。He wished to s
14、tudy medicine and become a doctor.（二）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式：语 态式 主动语态 被动语态一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been done否定式：not + 动名词1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影
15、。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our/us trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2、动名词的句法功能：1）
16、作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being p
17、olluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语 it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：1）enjoy, appreciate（感激）, dislike; admit，deny（否认）,acknowledge; advise, suggest, recommend; delay, postpone; avoid（避免）,risk; allow, permit, encoura
18、ge, forbid; imagine, fancy, picture; consider, include, understand, practice, keep, finish, miss, excuse, mind, torlerate2) be busy, be worth, 3) cant stand, cant help, 4) think of, dream of, be fond of, 5) prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, 6) set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succ
19、eed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, when it comes to,; insist on, feel like, lead to, have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing; have a good time doing4）作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？5）作同位语：The cave,
20、 his hiding-place, is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。用法对比一、不定式与动名词做主语：1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。Collecting information about childrens health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。Its necessary to discuss the problem wit
21、h an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：（1）Its difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do（2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time doing.但 Its worth whil
22、e doing/to do二、不定式、动名词做表语：1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蚁后）的专职工作是产卵。三、不定式与动名词做宾语：1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语：want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pr
23、etend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise 等。2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, understand, consider, admit，deny（否认）, mind, allow, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate（感激）,
24、be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like, lead to, have some difficulty/trouble
25、 (in) doing; be busy (in) doing 3、在 forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean, cant help, go on 等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我发信。 ）I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永远也忘不了在一个普通信封上发现了那枚珍贵的邮票。Rememb
26、er to write to us when you get there. 到那里，记得给我们写信。I dont remember meeting him. 我不记得见过他。I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birth-day party. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能去参加你的生日晚会了。They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他们后悔同意这个计划。He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他尽力假装与朋友分享欢乐。She trie
27、d reading a novel, but that couldnt make her forget her sorrow. 她试着看看小说，但也不能使她忘记伤心事。I didnt mean to hurt you. 我没有企图伤害你。A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不图回报地帮助别人。4、在下列这些词 love, like, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue 后既可跟动名词，又可跟不定式，如指特定或具体某次行为，用不定式时更多些，意义无差别。I li
28、ke reading books of this kind.I like to read that book now.They prefer walking to cycling.They prefer to stay at home today.5、动名词作 need, want, require, deserve, be worth 的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。This En
29、glish novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。6、在 allow, advise, recommend, forbid, permit 等动词后直接跟动词做宾语时，要用动名词；如果有名词或代词做宾语，然后再跟动词做宾语补足语，其宾语补足语用带 to 的不定式。We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. Students are not allowed to smoke.Prac
30、tice:.Helen had to shout_ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard2. Your time should have been made use of _ the final exam, but, to my regret, it wasnt. A. to pass B. passing C. to have passed D. having passed3. He
31、likes _, but he doesnt like _ today because it is too cold.Ato swim; to swim B. swimming; swimmingC. to swim; swimming D. swimming; to swim4. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to goC. for risk to go D. risk going5. I have worked with children before, so I k
32、now what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects6. _ her mother had come, her face lit up.A. Hearing B. Having heardC. When hearing D. When she heard7. After _ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A. being interviewed B. interviewedC. interviewing
33、D. having interviewed8. -How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?-The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.A. to solving; making B. to solving; madeC. to solve; make D. to solve; made9. I dont know whether you happen _, but I am going to stud
34、y in the U.S.A. this September.A. to be heard B. to be hearingC. to hear D. to have heard10. They apologized for _ to attend the meeting.A. their not being able B. their being not ableC. them not able D. them being able not11. _ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may produce variants(变异体)
35、of genes in human bodies.A. Being exposed(暴露) B. Having exposedC. Exposed D. After being exposed12. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ it- youve got some big bills coming.A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget13. She was the only one _ the ship wreck.A. su
36、rviving B. having survived C. to survive D. survived14. - Is Bob still performing?- Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official.A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smo
37、king C. to smoke D. smoked16.17. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _ the policeA. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in18. Rather than_the vegetables to go bad the peasants preferred_them at half the price.A. allow; selling B. allowing; sellC. allow; to sell D. to allo
38、w; selling19. The monument was built in honour of the explorer who was believed_ the river.A. to have discovered B. to have been discoveredC. to discover D. having been discovered20. -If John doesnt come to work on time, he may be fired.-Surely he isnt so foolish _ that.A. as not to realize B. as no
39、t realizingC. that doesnt realize D. as to realize21. We think the electronic computer_one of the most useful tools in use today.A. be B. being C. have been D. to be22. I arrived just in time_ the police beating the thief. A. seeing B. to see C. in order to see D. to have seen23. I would love _to th
40、e party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. to have been gone24. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to have been studyingC. to be studying D. to study25. Jane is said _ to China three
41、 times. She loves China so much.A. to have been B. to have gone C. to go D. be in26. With many details _, we cant give you a reply now.A. remain to check B. remaining to be checkedC. remained to check D. remained to be checked27. I remember putting the bike in front of the building, but it is nowher
42、e _.A. to find B. to be found C. finding D. to be finding28. -Does your brother intend to study German?-Yes, he intends _.A. B. to C. so D. that29. He gave us some advice on how_ English.A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. learn30. Mrs. Smith warned her husband _ after drinking again and again.A.
43、never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive31. To master a foreign language, _.A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs practiceC. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice 32. The harder we study, the more questions we think of _.A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. as
44、k33. When I returned, mother happened _ in the kitchen. A. to be cooking B. to cook C. to have cooked D. to be cooked34. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. This C. That D. It35. Eddie is said _ a new computer program recently, but I dont know when she
45、 will finish it.A. to design B. to be designing C. to have been designing D. to have designed36. They knew her very well. They had seen her_ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow37. Which will you enjoy _ your vacation, traveling abroad or working in the countryside?A. to spend
46、 B. spend C. spending D. spent38. I regret _ you that they are unable to come to your wedding tomorrow.A. informing B. having informedC. to have been informed D. to inform39. What worried the boy most was _ to visit his father in the hospital.A. his not allowing B. his not being allowedC. having not
47、 been allowed D. his being not allowed40. To do a bit for the motherland, _.A. working hard is necessary B. to learn a foreign language is neededC. it is important to master science D. one should serve the people whole-heartedly41. Last Sunday morning I set out early to call for Joan, only _ her seriously ill in bed. A. finding
