1、1直接引语和间接引语（Direct Speech and indirect Speech)直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。例如：Mr Black said, “Im busy” 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）Mr Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）John said, “Im going to London with my father.“约翰说：“我要和父亲到伦敦去。“（引号内是直接引语）John said that
2、he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词 that 引导（that 在口语中或不引起歧义时常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。不能省略 that 的情况1.1）会产生歧义（Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the trai
3、n had already left.琳达很失望地说，她到达车站时火车已经开走了。（如不用that，when 状语从句既可以理解为修饰 said, 又可以理解为修饰 had left）1.2）当引述动词后面不止跟一个 that 引导的从句时，第二个 that 不能省略。He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他说他下周要到欧洲去并在那里呆半年。（第二个 that 不能省略）直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。间
4、接引语为 that 引导的宾语从句（口语中 that 可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有 say ,tell, repeat, explain, think 等。He said , “You are younger than I.“-He said (that ) I was younger than him.从句的谓语动词可用直接引语中的 said, 也可用 told 来代替，注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说 told that, 如：He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”
5、 He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.He said, “Ill give you an examination next Monday.”He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说 told that）此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think 等，又如：He said，“Im late because of the heavy
6、 traffic.” He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.如果间接引语是由 that 引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.1）人称的变化顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三
7、人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化,如： She said. “My brother wants to go with me. “She said her brother wanted to go with her. “二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： 2He said to Kate. “How is your sister now?“He asked
8、 Kate how her sister was then。 “第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr Smith said。 “Jack is a good worker。“Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。 变时态： a) He said, “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它。”He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它。b) He saidto me, “Ive left my book
9、 in your room.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。She asked Jack，“Where have you been?“She asked Jack where he had beenShe said, “I am very happy to help you.“She said that she was very happy to help you.a）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：He said，“I am very sor
10、ry.” He said that he was very sorry.b）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.c）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：She said to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.” She said to her
11、 son that she would check his homework that night.d）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。2）时态的变
12、化 如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化(现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。)：直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时一般将来时 过去将来时一般过去时 过去完成时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时过去进行时 过去进行时或过去完成进行时过去完成时 过去完成时现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时将来进行时 过去将来进行时例句 直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时He said, “Im afraid I cant finish t
13、his work.”He said that he was afraid he couldnt finish that work.现在进行时过去进行时He said, “Im using theknife.”He said that he was using the knife.3现在完成时过去完成时She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”She said that she had not heard from him since May.一般过去时过去完成He said, “I came to help you.”He said tha
14、t he had come to help me.过去完成时不变He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：指示代词的变化a) thisthat 这个那个She said, “Iwill come this morning.“ She said that she would go that morning.b) thesethose 这些那些He said, “These boo
15、ks are mine.“He said that those books were his.时间状语的变化a) nowthen 现在那时He said, “It is nine 0clock now.“He said that it was nine 0clock then.b) todaythat day 今天那天He said, “I havent seen her today.“He said that he hadnt seen her that day.c) yesterdaythe day before 昨天前一天she said, “I went there yesterday
16、.“She said that she had gone there the day before.d) tomorrowthe next(following) day 明天第二天she said, “Ill go there tomorrow.“She said that she would go there the next (following) day.地点状语的变化herethere 这里那里 comego 来去 bringtakeHe asked me，“How can I get here?“He asked me how he could get there.注：直接引语变成间
17、接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候.如：He always says, “I am tired out.” He always says that he is tired out.如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The girl said, “I get up at six every morning.“The girl said that she gets up at six every morning如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如
18、：He said, “Im a boy, not a girl.“He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：He will say, “Ill try my best to help you.” He will say that he will try his best to help me.3）如果直接引语中有明确表示过去时间的状语（谓语动词与具体时间状语连用时），变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：4He said,“I went to college in 1994.
19、” He told us that he went to college in 1994.He said to me, “I was born in 1973.“He told me that he was born in 1973.4）如果直接引语中含有 since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, “I have taught English since he came here .“He told me that he had taught English since
20、 he came here.He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.5) 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如： Jack said. “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?“Jack asked John where he was going when he met him
21、in the street。 6）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，时态不变,如：Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.“He said that light travels much faster than sound.The teacher said “The earth goes round the su
22、n.“The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.7）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.” He said that practice makes perfect.8）当直接引语中有情态动词 should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need 时，以及情态动词的过去式 could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改
23、变。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said. “You had better come have today。“ Peter said I had better go there that day。直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语(必然)(推测） mus t must should should（禁止） mustnt mustnt will would（必须） must had to/ would ha
24、ve towould wouldshall should may mightcan could might mightcould could dare daredneed need ought to ought to例如：The teacher said to me . “You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.“ The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , “I could swim when
25、I was only six .“He said that he could swim when he was only six.The doctor said, “Youd better drink plenty of water.” The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water.He said, “She must be a teacher.” He said that she must be a teacher.He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”5He said
26、that she ought to have arrived her office by then.The teacher said, “You neednt hand in your compositions today.”The teacher said we neednt/didnt need to/didnt have to hand in our compositions.She asked, “Must I take the medicine?” She asked if she had to take the medicine.注：此处用 had to 代替 must 更好9）此
27、外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述(转述的地点不变时)，here 不必改为 there, 动词 come 不必改为 go，如果当天转述 yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon 等均不必改变。即：如果说话时间和引述时间相同（如同一天，同一月等）如：Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afte
28、rnoon.直接引语变间接引语。见下表。分类 连接词 例句 注意事项 补充说明当直接引语为“陈述句”时连接词：that（口语中常常省略）He says, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”-He says (that) he will go to the park tomorrow.He said, “ I will go to the park tomorrow.”-He said (that) he would go to the park tomorrow.He said to me, “ you can help her.”-He said to me
29、 (that) I could help her1. 连接词：that2. 人称：1 主，2 宾，3 不变3. 时态。当直接引语是“一般疑问句”时。连接词：if 或者whether可译为：是否He asked me, “Are you good at math?-He asked me if I was good at math.He asked Amy, “ Do you love me?”-He asked Amy whether she loved him.He asks me, “Is she reading?”-He asks me if she is reading.1. 连接词：
30、if , whether2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”。（去掉：Do, Does, Did改变 Are, Is, Will, Can位置）3. 人称：1 主，2 宾，3 不变4. 时态。当直接引语为“特殊疑问句”时。连接词：直接引语中的特殊疑问词。He asked his wife, “How are you?”-He asked his wife how she was.He asked me , “ What color do you like?”-He asked me what color I liked.He asks me, “ where will she go 3 days la
31、ter.”-He asks me where she will go 3 days later.1. 连接词：特殊疑问词2. 语序：改为“陈述语序”。（去掉：Do, Does, Did 改变 Are, Is, Will, Can位置）3. 人称：1 主，2 宾，3 不变4. 时态。1. 黑体部分是连接词。斜体部分为间接引语部分。2. 间接引语部分均为陈述语序。3. 间接引语部分实际上是宾语从句，连接词之间的叫主句。4. 当主句是一般现在时态，间接引语部分与直接引语的时态相同。5. 当主句是一般过去时态，间接引语部分变为相应的过去时态。当直接 没有连接词。 He said to Amy, “Be
32、 careful!” 1. 不用连接词 1. 斜体部分为6引语为“祈使句”时用: ask(tell) sb. to do sth 改写。或 tell (ask) sb. not to do sth. 改写-He asked Amy to be careful.He shouted, “ Lily, Close the door.”-He told Lily to close the door.He said to me, “Dont be late.”-He asked me not to be late.2. 不改变时态。3. 无须考虑语序4. 人称：1 主，2 宾，3 不变间接引语部分。2
33、.间接引语部分是动词不定式，在句中作宾语补足语。this/that these/those, nowthen, todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, tomorrowthe next (following ) day ,last yearthe year before, last week(month ,etc) the week(month ,etc) before ,agobefore, herethere, this week(month ,etc) that week (month ,etc), next week (month ,etc) t
34、he next (following ) week (month ,etc)等。例如：He said, “I havent seen her today.“He said that he hadnt seen her that day.注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：1陈述句：间接引语用 that 连接或 that 连接词省略。2一般疑问句：间接引语用 if 或 whether, said 改为 asked,句子用陈述语序。3特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导，句子用陈述句语序。4语法知识归纳直接引
35、语的祈使句变间接引语的方法：要将祈使句动词原形变为带“to”的不定式，并且在不定式的前面根据意思加上 tell，ask，order 等词，如果是否定式，不定式前面加“not“。“Open the window,“ the teacher said to the boyThe teacher told the boy to open the window“Tell him to come in,“ the boss said to the secretaryThe boss told the secretary to tell him to come in“Dont leave the door
36、 open,“ he saidHe told us not to leave the door open.2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句直接引语如果是疑问句，变成间接引语后，叫做间接问句。引述的动词常用 ask, inquire, wonder, want to know 等。间接问句的词序一般都用正常词序，句末不用问号，用句号。1). 直接引语是疑问句时, 间接引语用连词 whether 或 if 引导，原主句中谓语动词 said要改为 asked（me/him/us 等），间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词 say 改为 ask,或改为 wonder, do not know,
37、want to know, be not sure, be puzzled 等。He asked me, “Do you like playing football?“He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为由连词 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句。 She said, “Do you often come here to read newspapers?“She asked me if (或 whether)I often went there to read newspapers.She asked
38、me , “You have seen the film, havent you?“She asked me whether(或 if )I had seen the film.He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?”He asked whether I was interested in
39、 English.7注意：大多数情况下，if 和 whether 可以互换，但后有 or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用 whether。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.（2）直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用 whetheror表达，而不用 ifor，也不用eitheror。选择疑问句变为 whether.or 宾语从句I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go
40、 to a film tonight?“I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night. He asked,“Do you speak English or French?”He asked me whether I spoke English or French.3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词 who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。主句的谓语动词用 ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的
41、宾语从句。例如：He asked，“Whats your name?” He asked（me）what my name was.My sister asked me, “How do you like the film?“My sister asked me how I liked the film.He asked , “Where do you live?“He asked me where I lived.4. 直接引语是祈使句，(直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg 等) sb (not) to do sth.“句型)。变成间接引语时，用带
42、to 的不定式表达（把动词原形变成动词不定式），并在动词不定前加 tell, ask, order 等的宾语。间接引语为不定式，作 ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise 等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为 not ）。谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request 等。如 ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。例如：He said，“Be seated, please.” He ask
43、ed us to be seated.The captain ordered, “Be quiet.“ The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加 not。My teacher asked me, “Dont laugh.“My teacher asked me not to laugh.The teacher said to the boy, “Open the window.“The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him , “Dont
44、 leave the door open.“His father told him not to leave the door open.注意（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用 suggest ,insist, offer 等动词加以转述。例如：He said, “Lets have a rest.” He suggested our having a rest.He said, “Let me help you.” He offered to help me.He said, “Lets go to the theatre.“He suggested (our )goin
45、g to the theatre.或 He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.(2) “Would you mind opening the window?“ he asked.He asked me to open the window.“Why dont you take a walk after supper?“ he asked .he advised me to take a walk after supper.“Shall we listen to the music?“ he asked.He suggested listen
46、ing to the music.（3）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用 ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如：“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. He asked me to open the door.“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. He advised us to go out for a walk. 或 He suggested we go out for a wa
47、lk.8祈使句表示请求时，常把直接引语的动词 say 变成 ask, beg, request, urge 等动词。She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you?“ 她说：“请你一直等到我回来，好吗？” She begged me to wait till she returned. 她请求我一直要等到她回来。 祈使句表示命令时，要把直接引语的动词 say 变成 command, order, tell 等动词，被转述的部分改为动词不定式。否定祈使句改为 not to do 结构。“Stay where you are,“ she s
48、aid. 她说：“呆在原地。”She told me to stay where I was. 她告诉我呆在原地。“Dont smoke in the room,“ he said. 他说：“别在房间里抽烟。”He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我别在房间里抽烟。（4）以 Lets 开头的祈使的句，通常将引述动词改为“suggest +动句词（或从句）”，然后再接 that 从句。John said to Bill, “Lets go hiking tomorrow.“ 约翰对比尔说，“我们明天去徒步旅行吧。”John suggested to Bil
49、l that they (should) go hiking the next day. 约翰向比尔提议第二天去徒步旅行。5.直接引语是感叹句时，间接引语可用 what 或 how 引导，也可以用 that 引导。还可以根据句子表达的不同感情选用适当的动词和状语来转换。She said, “What a lovely day it is !“She said what a lovely day it was .或 She said that it was a lovely day.He said, “What a beautiful view it is!“ 他说：“多么漂亮的景色！”He said that it was a very beautiful view. 他说景色非常漂亮。6、并列句和复合句的间接引语当转述的
