1、综合英语二串讲,6课时安排 课程介绍 （包括综二的考核要求，命题原则，考试题型举例及各种题型做题方法的技巧点拨） 重点语法 （结合考题讲解） 高频形近词，近义词辨析 词形转化 难句释义,综合英语二这门课是课程考试，不是水平考试。课程考试就是学什么就考什么。严格按照教学大纲去命题。大纲规定，统一考试的试题中教材内容要占60% 要把课文读懂学透在复习的过程中，课文，词汇，词汇学习，语法每部分都要复习到。,课程介绍,一. 考核目标 词汇 （1）综合英语（二）认知词汇5，5006，000，熟练掌握其中2500左右最常用的搭配和短语，并正确使用它们。 （2）了解和掌握各种词性的变化规则，掌握英语的基本构
2、词规则，并在阅读时能根据所学的规则猜出从学过的词派生出来的常用词。,语法 （1）英语的基本语法有准确、清楚、完整的认识。 （2）系统地掌握英语句子的基本结构以及英语基本的修辞手法（强调、倒装、省略）的构成和用法。 （3）能运用所学的语法规则以及句子结构的指示谴词造句、集句成章，在阅读和翻译中能够解决篇章层次上的各种语法问题。,阅读 （1）能读懂常见体裁的中等水平非专业题材的英语材料，并能根据上下文猜出生词的意思。 （2）要求了解所读材料的中心思想，抓住主要论点或细节、明确作者的基本态度，并能根据其内容进行一定的推理和分析。,写作 （1）要求在半小时左右就综合英语（二）上下册的31篇课文的内容用
3、130150个词回答一个大问题。 （2）要求格式正确、语言得体。 （3）要求内容切题、条理清楚、语法基本正确、语言基本通顺、用词基本得当。,翻译 （1）能运用所学的词汇和语法规则将一般非技术专业的汉语句子译成英语，意思准确、无重大语法错误。 （2）能在半小时左右将与课文难度相仿的200词左右的文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文较为通顺。,二命题原则 1. 合理安排测试项目的能力层次。 每份试卷中测试各种能力层次的项目所占的分数比例一般为：识记10%，领会30%。简单运用20%，综合运用40%。,2. 合理安排测试项目的难度结构。 题目难易程度分为：易、比较易、比较难、 难四个等级。每份试卷各种难易程
4、度题目所占比例为：易占20%，比较易占30%，比较难占30%，难占20%。试题的难易程度和能力层次是两个不同的概念。在每个能力层次的项目中都包含难易程度不同的问题。命题过程中同时兼顾这两种不同结构的问题。,三试题题型 试题题型共7类： 1. 选择正确的语法形式和单词或词组填空 ( 25分) 考查学生对所学语法现象及词汇的掌握。语法题涵盖要求掌握的所有语法现象，词汇题限制在课文中出现的单词及其搭配。 例1：Those old photographs in my album _ me of my days at Harvard University years ago. Aremind Bmemo
5、rize Cremember Dwarn,例2：“Did the medicine make you feel any better？” “No. Im sorry to say that _, the worse I feel.” Awhen I take more medicine Btaking more medicine Cwith more medicine I take Dthe more medicine I take,答题技巧： 这部分包括25个小题，考核语法和词汇。所考核的语法题涵盖综合英语（二）所讲述的所有语法现象。考生在复习语法时，可以采取这样的办法：把语法集中在一起复习
6、。在复习每一个语法现象时，抓着自己掌握差的方面，或感觉难的重点复习。,在词汇方面，从考卷的分析来看，大致有下列几种情况。 （1）考常用动词的短语动词搭配。考生一定要把教材中有关Word Study部分学好。 （2）考查形近词辨析。 如: persistent / insistent/consistent /resistant （3）近义词辨析。 如: capacity/aptitude/competence/ qualification （4）考词组的搭配 如： He turned down the request because it was _ the limits of his powe
7、r. Aabove Bover Coff Dbeyond,2词形转换 (10分) 考查学生对词形变化规则和英语构词法的掌握情况。本项要求学生在理解句子意思的基础上，将括号内的词作恰当的变化填入空白处，使句子完整。 He had nothing to gain from lying so we saw no reason to _ him. (belief) The students were _ for the holidays to start. (patient),disbelieve,impatient,答题技巧： 做这种题首先要先所填的词在句中所作的成分确定词性，然后考虑要填的词的正确
8、形式，如果是名词应该是单数还是复数，如果是动词是用第三人称单数还是原形还是应该用分词形式。填入后看看该句意思是不是讲得通。,3. 完形填空 （ A 或 B）（15分） （A）考查考生对语法、词汇、惯用法、句型综合运用能力以及一定的阅读理解能力。本项为一篇短文其中有15个空白，每一个空白由4个选项。 要求考生在理解短文的基础上，选出一个最佳答案，使短文的内容和结构正确。本题的短文选自教材以外的文章，其难度程度相当于教材中的完型填空练习题。 （B）考查考生对所学的课文熟悉程度及对词汇和句法的熟练程度。 本项从指定教材的课文中选出长度为150200词的片断，抽掉15个词，留出相应的空白，要求考生填入
9、与课文一致的词。,答题技巧： （）首先要快速阅读全文，掌握全文的大意。完型填空的短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空白，它是文章的开篇重要信息源，尾句往往在文章中起到画龙点睛的作用。 （）由于此题是从所学过的课文中选的，所要填的词必须与课文中的词一致，所以平时学习时要求熟读课文。熟练掌握各课词汇的用法并掌握其句法关系，理解课文的意思，才能把漏掉的词正确地补出来。,4 难句释义 （10分）考查学生对所学课文中难句的理解能力。本项中的每题均从指定教材选出的难句。每题有四个选项。要求考生选出正确答案。难句的标准是（1）句中由不易理解的词或从字面上猜不出其意思的词语，（2）句子结构复杂，（3）句子表面简单
10、，没有难词，结构也不复杂，但其含义深刻。,例：She was a real find. A. Finally, we found a washwoman after so much trouble. B. Finally, we found a washwoman who charged no more than others. C. Finally, we found a washwoman who came on time every time. D. Finally, we found a washwoman who was excellent and valuable.,答案：D. F
11、inally, we found a washwoman who was excellent and valuable.,答题技巧：根据上下文，正确理解课文中难句的意思是做好此题的必要条件。每题所给的四个选项中只有一个是与原文意思相符的。其余三个或多或少与原文有所差异，考生作题时应细心判断。作此类题时对句子中的关键词或词组一定要掌握好。常常知道了关键词或词组的意思，整个句子的意思就清楚了。,5汉译英（句子）（15分） 重点考查学生对所学的句子结构、重点词汇和语法项目的掌握和运用能力。本项由若干小题组成。每小题为一个汉语句子，要求考生把这些句子译成英语。 例：我们为我们国家五十年来取得的成就感到
12、自豪。 We are very proud of what our country has achieved in the past fifty years.,答题技巧： 汉译英是考查学生运用英语的综合能力。要对课文的重点句型、词汇和语法熟练掌握并能运用。做这种题型关键是确定好句型，选准词组。,6 阅读理解 （10分）考查考生的综合理解能力。要求考生在规定的时间内读完总阅读量为1200词左右的一篇或两篇短文。短文基本没有生词，即使有，也可以根据上下文猜出词义。问题范围涉及文中词和短语的意思、短文的内容、各部分相互之间的关系、单句或全文的内在含意或推理、文章主题思想或大意、作者的态度等。,答题技
13、巧： 先通读全文，了解文章的大意，然后根据后面所给的选择题逐题逐段阅读，并找出正确的答案。,7 写作 （15分） 考查学生运用英语语言的能力，要求考生在限定的时间内，用130-150左右的词回答一个有关综合英语（二）上下册31篇课文内容的大问题。,答题技巧： 此题是以回答就所学过的课文所提的问题的形式写一篇短文。因此，必须对各课课文内容有正确理解，熟练掌握。在回答问题是，要表达清楚，用词恰当，语言通顺，句子结构完整，语法要正确。要避免中国式英语。,综合英语（二）常考的语法为：名词单数变复数，定语从句，虚拟语气，反意疑问句，非谓语动词，时态，名词性从句，形容词副词的比较级，主谓一致，倒装等等。下
14、面我们把这些语法项目进行详细的有重点的讲解。,重点语法,1. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ， audience ， class ， committee ， crew ( 全体船员，乘务员 ) ， crowd ， faculty ， family ， government ， group ， orchestra ， team ， union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。如： The government is paying close attention to economic development. The government are h
15、aving a heated discussion on this matter.,名词,2.有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如 :electronics( 电子学 ) ， mathematics( 数学 ) ， optics( 光学 ) ， politics政治学， statistics( 统计学 ), economics （经济学）, physics物理学 等。例如 : Linguistics 语言学is a difficult subject to study. 3. 名词作定语时，除了man和woman要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不能变成复数。例如 a woman teach
16、er - two women teachers a man doctor - two men doctors a girl student - five girl students a boy student -six boy students,4. 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如 : looker(s)-on 观看者, 旁观者 ， runner(s)-up 亚军， sister(s)-in-law ， editor(s)-in-chief .总编辑 主编， passer(s)-by 过路人；经过者 ， grand-child(ren) 大儿， shoe lace(s) 鞋
17、带 ， blood type(s) 血型等。 5. 如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如 : go-between(s) 媒介者, 中间人， drawback(s)缺点，欠缺，不利条件, grown-ups 成人,“Of+抽象名词”相当于形容词 Of interest-interesting Of importance-important Of value-valuable Of necessity n.必需品；必要(性)，(迫切)需要-necessary Of possibility-possible Of great importance- greatly important/
18、very important Of no value-valueless 切记invaluable a.非常宝贵的，极为贵重的，无价的=priceless a.无价的,这里主要讲一下 不定代词some和any。通常some用于肯定句，any 用于疑问句和否定句。但在下列情况下例外： （1）在表示请求、建议时，some及其派生词可以用于疑问句。如： Would you like some coffee? Can somebody come and help me? Could you lend me some books? Why dont you buy some flowers for he
19、r birthday?,注意“any +单数名词”和“any other +单数名词”的区别。现在用两个例子进行说明。 China is larger than any other country in Asia. (China belongs to Asia.) China is larger than any country in Africa. (China does not belong to Africa.),（2）any及其派生词用于肯定句时，起强调作用，意思是 “任何的” .如： You can come any day you like. 你哪天来都行 He is taller
20、 than any of the other boys in the class. (any of the other boys=any other boy),以下情况形容词常用于后置定语 : 1) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如 :present (到场的，出席的） ， available ， involved ， concerned a.有关的；担心的， etc 。 2) 形容词修饰不定代词 something ， anything ， everything 时要后置。例如 : There was something wrong with her. I came across a tricky
21、 question hard to answer. I wondered if there was a room available.,形容词和副词,注意enough的位置：enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。如： enough water /water enough careful enough/ well enough,形容词和副词的原级比较由 “as + 形容词或副词原级 ( 或后跟名词或短语 )+as” 构成， “asas” 前可加 not ， just ， almost ， nearly ， quite ， twice ， several time
22、s 等词修饰。否定式中 not 后面的 as 可改为 so 。如： He is as tall as I. He is not as/so careful as his brother.,形容词与副词的比较级形式为 :“ 形容词 ( 副词 ) 比较级 +than+” ，应注意 than 前后相比较的人或物要一致 （否则没有可比性）。比较级前可以跟 even ， much ， stilI, far, a lot 等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。 You voice is more beautiful than your classmates/that of your classmates. The
23、population in China is much larger than that in America. The values of the young differ from those of their elders. 不可数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。,注意一些以-ior结尾的来自于拉丁语的单词，虽表示比较的含义，但后面要用to而不是than。常用的有七个： be junior a.年少的；资历较浅的 to -be younger than be senior a.地位高的；年长的 to -be older than be posteri
24、or a.(在时间，次序上)较后的to -be later than be anterior a.较早的，以前的to -be earlier than be prior a.优先的，在前的to -be earlier than/be more important than be inferior a.劣等的，次的；下级的to -be worse than be superior a.上级的，较高的；高傲的to -be better than,还要注意比较级重要结构： the +比较级， the +比较级 ( 越 就越 ) ，常考选择或翻译。如： The more careful you are
25、, the fewer mistakes you make. The earlier you come, the better (it is).形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为 :“the+ 形容词最高级 + 名词十范围表达 ” 和 “ 副词最高级十名词 + 范围表达 ” ，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加 the 。例如 : We are the happiest when staying with friends. I carried out the task more successfully than he had expected.,Most 有时并不都是最高级形式，相当于very，该用
26、法比较正式。如： It is a most touching film. 这是一部非常感人的电影。 They shall most certainly come. 他们很可能回来。,国考中的考试重点是完成时态，现在我们详细讲完成时态的用法。,时态,只有延续性动词可以和时间段连用,瞬间动词要改为相应的持续性的表示状态的短语。 die-be dead leave/go-be away buy/borrow-keep/have start/begin-be on,注意重要句型： It is (has been)since这一结构也常用于现在完成时。 It has been (也可用is) a lon
27、g time since they last met each other.,Is this the first time that you have visited Hong Kong? This will be the second time that I have broken a cup this week. That was the third time he had been interrupted v.打断，打扰；中止，阻碍 that afternoon.,“This/It/That be the first (second) time that”句型中，从句常用完成时态。,*现
28、在完成进行时表示一种不间断的动作，因此在提到做某事的次数或所做事情的种类时，不能用该时态，而只能用现在完成时 I have knocked at the door five times, but Im afraid nobody is in. The pop singer has sung three songs.,关于过去完成时 1. 由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by, before，until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。 The girl had learned a lot of English words before
29、 she went to school.,2.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中。 If he had studied hard last term, he would have passed the examination. I wish I had gone to the party last night.,关于将来完成时 由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。,When we get there theyll probably have
30、left. By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.,could+have+过去分词有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。 例 What happened in the airport could have been true.The director could have produced a better film.He could have helped me,
31、 but he didnt.,下面我们要讲的是语法中的重中之重：,情态动词+完成式,(2) might/may+have+过去分词 表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为. 例：You might have done the work better. 你本来可以把工作做得更好一些。,(3) must+have+过去分词 是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情 ，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。 例：It must have rained last night. The ground is wet. 昨夜一定下雨了，地上湿乎乎的。,(4) sho
32、uld/ought to +have+过去分词 表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应”。 例：They should have made a good job of it. 他们本来可把工作做好。,(5) should not/oughtnt to+have+过去分词 表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该”。 例：You should not have done such things.你不该干出这种事情来。,(6) cant（couldnt）+have+过去分词 表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是”。 例：The poem cant have been written by
33、the little girl; she is only four. 这首诗肯定不是这个小女孩写的，她才刚四岁。,(7) would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测。 例：If she had known about it, she would have talked about it. 她要是知道这件事的话， 早就对此说东道西了。,(8) neednt +have + 过去分词 表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”“其实不必”。 例：You neednt have done all these calculations. We have a compu
34、ter to deal with that sort of thing.,exercises,1. The streets are all wet. It _ during the night. (2005/4) A. must rain B. must have rained C. must be raining D. must have been raining 2. I _ this three-room apartment without the money I borrowed from the bank. (2004/10) neednt have bought mustnt ha
35、ve bought C. shouldnt have bought D. couldnt have bought,D,B,3. When we reached the cinema, the film _ started, for there were no people at the entrance. (2004/4) A. should have B. ought to have C. had to have D. must have 4. I think you ought _ me about the matter and not have let me make such a fo
36、ol of myself. (2002/4)A. have told B. tellC. had told D. to have told,D,D,5. In the past few months the project _held up by the heated discussion about whether it is worthwhile. (2005/10) Ais Bwas Chas been Dhad been 6. This is the first time I _ on an English-speaking soil. (2003/10) A. set my foot
37、 B. have set foot C. set my feet D. have set feet,C,B,7. The job _ by the time he comes back. (2003/10) A. will have been done B. will have done C. is being done D. has been done 8.It is the first time that I _ really relaxed for months. (2002/4) A. feel B. have felt C. felt D. will have felt,B,A,主动
38、形式表示被动含义： A. need/require/want/deserve doing= need/require/want/deserve to be done B. smell /sound /taste /feel /prove +adj.The story proved quite false.The flowers smell sweet. C. Cant, wont+vi. (move, lock, open,)The door wont shut. D. read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, wear+adv. (well, e
39、asily.),语态,下面请看几个例子： This kind of rice cooks more quickly. The cloth washes easily. His blue jeans have worn thin.,还要注意一些主动形式表示被动含义的短语： Be to blame: be responsible for dont know who is to blame. sink in: be understood come out: be published,重点短语：have/has sth. done （考试中出现的频率极高） 该短语有三个意思： （）请让某人做某事 I
40、will have my hair cut tomorrow. He has just had his bicycle repaired. （）某物遭受到某一消极动作 He had his finger burnt yesterday. He had his face cut when he was shaving his face. （）主语自己做某事 Well have all the dishes cleared away before seven p.m. every day. 国考中主要考前两个意思。,还要注意介词的使用：被动形式有时by要被其它介词代替 be known to sb
41、. be popular with/among sb. be covered with sth. be engaged to sb. be married to sb.,接不带to的不定式（也称秃头不定式）做宾补的词改成被动时要加to.常用的动词有（十个半动词） 一感 feel 二听 listen to/hear 三让 make/let/have 四看 watch/see/look at/notice 半帮助 help (即可用to也可不用） Did anyone see Tom enter the room? Was Tom seen to enter the room? The teach
42、er makes us do a lot of homework. we are made to do a lot of homework by the teacher.,My house is full of dust because the old house just opposite _. (2005/4) will be pulled down has to be pulled down C. has pulled down D. is being pulled down,D,注意关系代词that的使用 A先行词为all everything nothing something an
43、ything little much 等不定代词时用that e.g-A hobby can be almost anything that a person likes to do in his spare time.-A hobby is something that we like to do in our spare time.,从句,定语从句,B.先行词被all every no some any little much 修饰时用that e.g-Ive read all the books that you gave me. C.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用that e.g
44、-This is the first composition that he has written in English.-This is the best novel that I have ever read. D.先行词被the only the very the same the last 修饰时用that e.g-The last place that we visited was the chemical works.-The white flowers is the only one that I really like.-This is the very book that
45、I want to find.,E.当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时用that e.g.-He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited. F.当主句是who或which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句要用that e.g-Who is the person that is standing at the gate?-Which of us that know something about physics does not know this?,3)关系代词除连接句子外，一般在从句中做主语，宾语或定语,由关系副词引导
46、的定语从句 1）能引导定语从句的关系副词有when= in which, on which, at whichwhere=in which, at which, on whichwhy=for which e.g-That is the reason why I did it.-The school where Im studying is a key school.-The time has come when ordinary people can use computer.,带介词的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词可以作介词的宾语，形成带介词的定语从句。这种结构有两种： 从句由“介词+which”（表示事和物） 从句由“介词+which”（表示人） e.g-The man to/with whom he is talking is a teacher.-The school in/at which I am studying is a key school. 解题要诀： 掌握常用介词的基本用法 掌握常用动词，形容词与介词之间的固定搭配,
