1、第 1 页 共 26 页Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars单元要点预览词语辨析1. loudly / loud / aloud 2. unlike / dislike 3. remain / leave4. climate / weather 5. now that / since / because / as 1. violent adj.强暴的，猛烈的violence n.暴力，强暴；猛烈violently adv. 强暴地；猛烈地2. fundamental adj.基本( 础 )的 n.pl.基本原则(法则) fundamentally
2、 adv. 基本地；根本地 fundament n. 基础；根本3. development n.生长，发展；新情况develop vt.发展；产生 vi.生长；发展developed adj. 发达的 developing adj. 发展的4. lay vt.放下；摆设；产( 蛋 ) lay-laid-laid-layinglie vi. 躺，平放；位于lie-lay-lain-lyinglie n. weather5. now that / since / because / as【解释】都可引导原因状语从句，语气最强的是 because，引导直接而明确的原因，也用来回答 why 的问句或
3、用于强调句型；其次是since/now that，表示已知或明显的原因，再次是 as，引导的原因是不言而喻、显而易见的；for 引导的是并列分句，表推测或判断的原因，前面有逗号隔开。【练习】根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词。1). _ everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 2) It was _ he was ill that he didn t go to school. 3). It must have rained last night, _ the ground is all wet.4). _ we are alone, we can
4、 speak freely.Keys: 1). since/now that 2). because 3). for 4). Now (that).词性变化（见上面表格）.重点词汇1. system n.c 系统；体系；制度；方法 systematic adj 有系统的; 有条理的典例 第 7 页 共 26 页1). The solar system includes the sun and its eight planets. 太阳系包括太阳和它的八颗行星。2). Alcohol is bad for your system. 喝酒对身体有害。练习 根据句子的意思完成句子。1). The _
5、 _ (教育系统) operates very differently in the US and China.2). He introduced us a well-designed _ _ (铁路系统).Keys: 1). educational system 2). railway system 2. lay vt. (laid, laid, laying) 把放下；摆设；铺(地毯) ；产(蛋)典例1). He laid his hand on my shoulder. 他把手放在我的肩上。2). Who should we lay the blame on? 我们该责备谁?重点用法 l
6、ay 短语：lay eggs 下蛋 lay sth. aside 把某物放在一边；积蓄（钱）lay sth. down 把某物放下 lay the blame on sb.责备某人lay the table 摆桌子lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上练习 根据句子的意思在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). The bird _ its eggs in other birds nests. 2). He is a political leader that _ _ _ _ (非常强调) 第 8 页 共 26 页individual responsibilit
7、y. 3). He _ some money _ for rainy days. Keys: 1). lays 2). lays great stress on 3). lays/puts; aside 3. harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的 harm n. in 2). exist on to 3). existence5. puzzle vt. on 3). cheering .重点词组1. to begin with = to start with 以开始；由作为开头；首先典例To begin/start with, I couldn t understand a single
8、word. 起初，我一句也没弄明白。重点用法begin/start with 从开始 begin/start sth with 从开始 练习 根据句子的意思完成句子。1). He _ his speech _ a poem. 2). His speech _ _ a poem.3). _ _ _, pets are good friends of many lonely people, especially the old.Keys: 1). began/started; with 2). began/started with 3). To start/begin with 2. in tim
9、e 及时；最终；迟早 典例 1). They caught the bus in time. 他们及时赶上了汽车。第 13 页 共 26 页2). If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果坚持下去，你们总有一天会成功的。短语归纳 time 短语：in time for sth./ to do sth. 及时；不迟in no time 立刻；马上 at no time 永不 at one time 有个时期；曾经；一度 at a time 一次；每次 at times = sometimes 有时all the time 一直；始终；老是 on t
10、ime 按时；准时by the time 到的时候为止for the time being 暂时；暂且take one s time 不着急；慢慢来 kill time 消磨时间from time to time 不时地，间或many a time 常常；多次 once upon a time 从前at the same time 同时；尽管如此 ahead of time 提前，提早race against time 争分夺秒 keep bad time（钟、表）走得不准time and again 一次又一次；重复地 keep time (钟表) 走得准have a good/nice/h
11、ard time (in) doing sth 做某事很 It s (high/about/very) time that sb. did/ should do sth. 是做某事的时候了 练习 用 time 短语填空。1). They sent the mail to me just _ _, before I 1eft.2). William arrived at the theatre just _ _ for the play was to be on. 第 14 页 共 26 页3). Hurry up! The concert will begin _ _ _. 4). _ _ _
12、 will I give up. 5). The boy laughed and cried _ _ _ _.6). _ _ _ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents.7). Dont try to do everything at once; take it a bit _ _ _.8). Youll have your own office soon, but _ _ _ _ you ll have to share on
13、e with me.Keys: 1). in time 2). in time 3). in no time 4). At no time 5). at the same time 6). At one time 7). at a time 8). for the time being 3. in one s turn 轮到某人；接着 典例 I will see you, each in your turn. 我将要一个接着一个地看你。短语归纳 turn 短语：in turn 轮流；一个接着一个by turns 轮流；一阵一阵 take turns (to do sth.)轮流（做某物） It
14、s ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了第 15 页 共 26 页练习 用 turn 短语填空或翻译句子。1). She went hot and cold _ _.2). 我们轮流着开车。_ 3). 今天轮到谁发言了？_ Keys: 1). by turns 2). We drove the car by turns / in turn. = We took turns to drive the car.3). Whose turn is it to give a speech today?4. prevent.from = stop.from = keepfrom 使
15、不做事；阻止做某事典例 His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow s game. 他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。【用法辨析】注意: prevent / stop sb. from doing sth.中的 from 可省, keep sb. from doing sth.中from 不可省略，因为 keep sb. doing sth.是“使某人一直做某事”之意；但如在被动语态中，三者的 from 都不可省；当后接 sb s doing sth. 作宾语时，只能用prevent 或 stop，不能用 keep，第
16、16 页 共 26 页因为没有 keep sb s doing sth. 的句型。练习 根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。1). Doctors took action to _ _ _ _ _ (防止这种疾病的蔓延).2). Of course I can t _ your going abroad. 3). 警察阻止他们携带武器。_ Keys: 1). prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading 2). prevent / stop 3). The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying w
17、eapons.= They were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons.5. block out 挡住（光线）典例That wall blocks out all the light. 那堵墙把光线都遮住了。短语归纳 out 短语：break out 爆发，发生 burst out 大声喊叫，突然起来go out 外出；过时；(灯) 熄 help out 帮助解决难题( 或摆脱困境)put out 关(灯)；扑灭；生产 come out 出现，显露；出版，结果是look out 留神；注意 watch out 注意；提防第 17 页 共
18、26 页find out 找出，查明，发现think out 仔细思考某事；想出（主意等）pick out 挑出，辨认出，分辨出 speak out 大声地说，大胆地说 hang out 挂出，闲逛 knocked out (拳击中)击倒，打昏sell out 售完(某种货物)，脱销 turn out 结果证明是run out (of) 用完，耗尽 check out 结帐离去，办妥手续离去hand out 分发，散发give out 分发；用完，消耗尽；发出(光、声音等)练习 用 out 短语填空。1). At the end of the race his legs _ _ and he
19、collapsed on the ground.2). It s easy to _ him _ in a crowd because he is very tall. 3). His nwe book will _ _ next month.4). We thought it was going to rain; it _ _ to be a find day.5). We _ _ of/from our hotel at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight.Keys: 1). gave out 2). pick; out 3). come out 4). tur
20、ned out 5). checked out6. be off = set off 出发；动身；不用上班/学/开张第 18 页 共 26 页典例 Then we were off. 随后我们就启程了。短语归纳 off 短语：get off 下车 fall off 从摔下来 take off 脱下；起飞keep off 远离 turn off 关闭 pay off 付清，还清set.off 给 送行 kick off 踢球 jump off 跳下 give off 散发 show off 炫耀 shut off 关闭 练习 用 turn 短语填空或翻译。1). It is a Sunday a
21、nd we _ _ (不用上班) today.2). Her husband _ _ on a business trip somewhere. 3). There we saw a sign reading, “_ _ the grass”.4). After ten years of hard work, she finally _ _ all her debts.Keys: 1). are off 2). was off 3). Keep off 4). paid off7. break out (灾难、战争等) 突发；爆发典例 Fire broke out during the nig
22、ht. 夜间突然发生了火灾。 短语归纳 break 短语：break away from 脱离（党派） ；摆脱（控制）break down 毁掉；坏掉；(计划/谈判)失败break up 打碎；拆散； (会议)结束；分裂(解体 )第 19 页 共 26 页break off (使)停止；中断；折断 break into sth. 强行进入某处break one s word/promise 食言；说话不算数练习 用 break 短语填空。1). A terrible tsunami _ _ in the southeastern countries of Asia at Christmas,
23、2004.2). When do you _ _ for Christmas?3). Negotiations between the two sides have _ _.4). His house was _ _ last week. Keys: 1). broke out 2). break up 3). broken down 4). broken into 8. watch out 密切注视；当心；提防 典例 Watch out! There s a car coming. 小心! 汽车来了。重点用法watch out for sb/sth 警惕或注意某人/事物watch over
24、保护；照看 练习 用 watch 短语填空。1). There must have been an angel _ _ me that day.2). What problems should I _ _ _ when buying an old house?第 20 页 共 26 页3). You ll become an alcoholic if you don t _ _.Keys: 1). watching over 2). watch out for 3). watch out .重点句子1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which
25、were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth s atmosphere. 它( 地球)巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石。最终产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。解释 “be + 不定式”结构通常用来表示“按计划或安排将要做的事情” ，或表示上级对下级、父母对子女下命令， “应该做某事”或表示某事“将必然发生” 。例如：1). Here is a message for yo
26、u from your head teacher: you are to go to her office after class. 你的班主任给你一个口信，要你下课后到她的办公室去。2). The worst is still to come. 更糟糕的事情还会发生。3). We ll hold a meeting tomorrow. = We are to hold a meeting tomorrow. = A meeting is to be held tomorrow. 我们明天将开会。4). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 a
27、m. 这趟火车将于上午10: 25 到达北京。练习 完成句子或翻译。1). Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you _ 第 21 页 共 26 页_ _ to her office after class. (你的班主任给你一个口信，要你下课后到她的办公室去。)2). The worst is still _ _ (come).3). We ll hold a meeting tomorrow.= We _ _ _ a meeting tomorrow. = A meeting is _ _ _ tomorrow.4). 这趟
28、火车将于上午 10：25 到达北京。_ Keys: 1). are to go 2). to come 3). are to hold; to be held 4). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 am.2. That made it possible for life to begin to develop. 那使生命的生长发育成为一种可能。解释 此句中的 made 后跟带形式宾语 it 的复合结构，其中 it 是形式宾语，真正宾语是不定式复合结构， “for live to begin to develop”，宾语补足语是 poss
29、ible。再如：She made it her business to find out who was responsible. 她非要弄清楚是谁的责任不可。提示：常用于此结构的动词还有 think，feel，find，consider 等。例如：1). We make it a rule to get up at 6 o clock every morning.2). I find it hard to get along with him.3). He found it impossible to leave Germany for the USA. 他发现不第 22 页 共 26 页可
30、能离开德国去美国了。4). I think/find/feel/consider it my duty to help you.我觉得我有责任帮助你。练习 完成句子或翻译。1). We _ _ _ _ (规定) to get up at 6 o clock every morning.2). I _ _ _ (发现很难) to get along with him3). 他发现不可能离开德国去美国了。_4). 我觉得我有责任帮助你。_Keys: 1). make it a rule 2). find it hard 3). He found it impossible to leave Ger
31、many for the USA. 4). I think/find/feel/consider it my duty to help you.3. But when I tried to step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。解释 twice as.as. “是的两倍” ，英语常见倍数的表示句型：第 23 页 共 26 页1). 倍数+ as + adj./adv. + as “是的几倍
32、” My room is twice as large as his.2). 倍数+ adj./adv.比较级 + than “比 (多/大)几倍”My room is twice larger than his. 3). 倍数+ the +表示长度 /高度/ 宽度等的名词+ of “是的长度/高度/宽度几倍” My room is twice the size of his. 注意：此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width depth 等。例如：1). This ruler is three times as long as that on
33、e. = This ruler is three times longer than that one. = This ruler is three times the length of that one. 这把尺子是那把的三倍那么长。2). There are four times as many students as we expected. 到的学生是我们预计的五倍。解释 twice as . as. 是的两倍，英语常见倍数的表示句型：1). 倍数 + as + adj./adv. + as “是的几倍” My room is twice as large as his.2). 倍数
34、 + adj./adv.比较级 + than “比(多/ 大) 几倍”My room is twice larger than his. 3). 倍数+ the +表示长度 /高度/ 宽度等的名词+ of “是的长度/高度/宽度几倍” My room is twice the size of his. 注意：此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width depth 等。练习 完成句子或翻译。第 24 页 共 26 页1). 这把尺子是那把的三倍那么长。_2). 到的学生是我们预计的五倍。There are _ _ _ _ _ _ we expec
35、ted.Keys: 1). This ruler is three times as long as that one. = This ruler is three times longer than that one. = This ruler is three times the length of that one. 2). four times as many students as .课文佳句背诵与仿写）1【原句】What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when t
36、he dust settled into a solid globe. 模仿要点 句子结构： what主语从句 is till +时间名词定语从句【模仿 1】他要给我什么礼物一直不知，直到昨天下文他来看我是我才知道。_答案：What gift he would give me was uncertain until yesterday afternoon when he came to see us. 【模仿 2】没人知道我们将要得到什么样的工作，直到 3 年后我们从大学毕业以后才知道。_第 25 页 共 26 页_答案：What jobs we will get is unknown unt
37、il 3 years later when we will graduate from university. 2【原句】What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. 模仿要点 句子结构: 主语从句 is that 表语从句【模仿 1】他想告诉我们的是一天下文当他在回家的路上看见一只小鸟受伤了。_答案：What he wanted to tell
38、 us is that one afternoon when he was on his way home he saw a bird which was dying.【模仿 2】他缺席的原因是他在上学时被一辆小车撞伤了。_答案：Why he was absent is that he was badly hurt by a car when he went to school. 3【原句】They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of e
39、arly shellfish and all 第 26 页 共 26 页sorts of fish. 模仿要点 句子结构：which 引导一个定语从句对上句情况的进一步说明。【模仿 1】我们常常看到有人乱丢乱吐，这弄得我们的环境很脏_答案：We often see some people throw rubbish and spit everywhere，which makes our environment dirty. 【模仿 2】她的父母非常感激我们，医生也高度评价了我们的急救，这使得我们意识到学习急救的必要性。_答案：Her parents were very thankful to us and the doctors thought highly of our first aid, which made us realize the necessity of learning first aid.
