1、初二语法一 语法： （1）形容词和副词比较级相关知识点 一、有关原级的用法 1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too 例如，He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。 My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。 2.原级常用的句型结构 (1)“甲+be+(倍数)+as+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍” 例如，Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。 Tom is twice as old as K
2、ate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。 “甲+实意动词+(倍数)+as+副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍” 例如，Tom runs as fast as Mike.汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。 Tom runs twice as fast as Mike.汤姆跑得速度是迈克的二倍。 (2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙 例如，This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。 “甲+助动词+not+动词原形+as/so+副词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙 例如，He doesnt walk as slow
3、ly as you.他走路不像你那样慢。 二、形容词副词比较级的用法 1.可以修饰比较级的词，much，a lot，far，的多 a little，a bit，一点儿 even甚至，still 仍然 例如，Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。 Tom looks even younger than before.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。 This train runs much faster than that one.这辆火车比那辆跑地快 She drives still more carefully than her h
4、usband.她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。 2.比较级常用的句型结构 (1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙几倍” 例如，Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。 This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个大三倍。 “甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙”或“甲比乙几倍” 例如，I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我妈妈还早。 He runs three times fast
5、er than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。 (2)“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都” ，含义是“甲最” 。 例如，The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. =The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.长江比中国的任何一条其他的河都长。 =The Yangtze River is longer than the other r
6、ivers in China.长江比中国的其他所有的河都长。 =The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。 注意：The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.长江比日本的任何一条河都长。 “甲+实意动词+副词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都” ，含义是“甲最” 。例如，Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.
7、= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.迈克比他们班上任何一个其他的同学到校都早。 = Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.迈克比他们班上其他的同学到校都早。= Mike gets to school earliest in his class.迈克在他们班到校最早。 注意：Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Toms class.迈克
8、比汤姆班上任何一个学生到校都早。(迈克和汤姆不是同一个班) (3)“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+”表示“甲是两者中较的” 。 例如，Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.看那两个男孩，我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。 (4)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越” 。 例如，He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。 The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。 He does his homework
9、more and more carefully.他做作业越来越认真了。 (5)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越” 。 例如，The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。 (6)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，甲 or 乙？” 例如，Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？ “特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级，甲 or 乙？” 例如，Who draws better，Jenny or Danny？谁画得比较好，詹妮还是丹尼？ 3.最
10、高级常用句型结构 (1)“主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of 短语”表示“是中最的” 。 例如，Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。 This apple is the biggest of the five.这个苹果是五个当中最大的。 “主语+实意动词+(the)+副词最高级+单数名词+in/of 短语”表示“是中最的” 。 例如，I jump (the) farthest in my class.我是我们班跳得最远的。 (2)“主语+be+oneofthe+形容词最
11、高级+复数名词+in/of 短语”表示“是中最之一” 。 例如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.北京是中国最大城市之一。 (3)“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or 丙？”用于三者以上的比较。 例如，Which country is the largest，China，Brazil or Canada？哪一个国家最大，中国，巴西还是加拿大？ “特殊疑问词+be+the+副词最高级+甲，乙，or 丙？”用于三者以上的比较 例如，Which season do you like (the) best，spring，summer
12、 or autumn？你最喜欢哪一个季节，春天，夏天还是秋天？ 三、形容词和副词比较级常用句型 1.当 A B 时，用“比较级+ than +比较对象”来表示。 如：My room is smaller than yours. 我的房间比你的小。 She got there earlier than I did. 她比我到得早。 注意：一般来说，比较对象为人称代词时，用主格或宾格均可。但是，当句子中谓语动词为及物动词时，人称代词用主格或宾格意义不同。 如：I like you better than he (likes you). 我比他更喜欢你。 I like you better than
13、 (he likes) him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。 2.当 A B，但 B 包含 A 时，则须用 other 来将 A 排除出去，即：（1）用“比较级+ than + any other +名词单数”来表示。 如：China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比其他任何亚洲国家都要大。 （2）用“比较级+ than + any of the other +名词复数”来表示。 如：He is older than any of the other boys in his class. 他比他班上任何同学年纪都大。 （3）用“比较级+ th
14、an + all the other +名词复数”来表示。 如：Your department spent more last year than all the other departments put together. 你们部门去年的花销比其他所有部门的加起来还多。 （4）用“比较级+ than + （any of） the others”来表示。 如：I received less money than the others did. 我比别人收到的钱少。 5）用“比较级+ than + the other +名词复数”来表示。 如：He is cleverer than the o
15、ther students in his class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。 6）用“比较级+ than + anyone else”来表示。 如：You know him better than anyone else. 你对他比任何别人都更了解。 3.当 A B，但 B 不包含 A 时，句型为： （1）用“比较级+ than + any of the +名词复数”来表示。 如：He is richer than any of the people here. 他比这儿的任何人都有钱。 （2）用“比较级+ than + any +名词单数”来表示。 如：Im taller than any
16、 student of your class. 我比你们班的任何学生都高。 4.当 A = B 时，用“as +原级+ as +比较对象”来表示。 如：She is as tall as me. 她与我一样高。 He gets up as early as his parents. 他起床与他父母起得一样早。 -规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 3)少数以-
17、y, -er, -ow, -ble 结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。clever(原级) (比较级) (最高级) 4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) (比较级) (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er 和-est。 big (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用 more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful
18、 (原级)? (比较级) (比较级) difficult (原级) (最高级) (最高级) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级-比较级-最高级 good-better-best many-more-most much-more-most bad-worse-worst far-farther, further-farthest, furthest 练习一、 用适当形式填空： 1. Bob is _ ( young ) than Fred but _ (tall) than Fred. 2. Yingtian is not as _ (tall) asYongxian. 3. Al
19、most all the students faces are the same but Li Deming looks _ (fat) than before . 4. Which is _ (heavy), a hen or a chicken? 5.- How _ (tall) is Sally? - She s 1.55 metres _ (tall). What about Xiaoling? - She s only 1.40 metres _ (tall). She is much _(short) than Sally. She is also the _ (short)gir
20、lin theclass. 6. He is _ (bad) at learning maths. He is much _ (bad) at Chinese and he is the _ (bad) at English. 7. Annie says Sally is the _ (kind) person in the world. 8.He is one of the_(friendly) people in the class, I think. 9. A dictionary is much _ (expensive) than a story-book. 10. An orang
21、e ia a little _ (big) than an apple, but much _ (small) than a watermelon. 11.Miss Chen is _ _than Mr. Wang. (popular) 12. Mr. Lin _ _ _ Mr. Brown. (sad) 13. The basketball _ _ _ the baseball. (big) 14. Question A _ _ _ _ Question B. (important) 15. A rose _ _ _ _ a weed(野草). (beautiful) 16. Toronto
22、 is _ _ city in Canada. (large) 17. Playing computer games is_ _ _ of all the activities.(interesting). 18. The Nile(尼羅河) is _ _river in the world. (long) 19. Good health is _ _ _thing life. (important) 20. Taking a taxi is _ _ way to get to the airport. (easy) 21. Test 1 is _ _ _of all the tests. （
23、difficult）22. He is _than any other boy in the class.（clever） 23. She is_ than all the other students. (young) 24. The window is _ _ of the two. (narrow) 25. Where is the _bus-stop? (near) 26. He is one of _ _ _Politicians. (famous) 27. Tom drives much _ _than John. (careful) 28. The white flower is
24、 _(beautiful). The yellow flower is _ _ (beautiful)than the white flower. The red flower is the _ _ of the three.二、英语代词情态动词总结及练习题 情态动词专题： （一）情态动词的定义 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。 （二）情态动词的特点 1）有一定词义； 2）不受主语人称和数的变化影响； 3）与主要动词的原形（或称不带 to 的不定式）一起构成谓语（除 ought to 作固定词组看待） 。 （三）情态动词的分类和意义意义情态动词 （四）情态动词的基本用法 1. can
25、 (could)1）表示能力，could 主要指过去时间。Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？ 2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上） 。 The temperature can fall to 60, that is 60 below freezing. 气温可降至60，也就是零下 60。 He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。 You mustnt sm
26、oke while youre walking around in the wood. You could start a fire. 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。 3）表示允许。Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。 4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪
27、儿了呢？ He cant (couldnt) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。 How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。 Can (Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？ Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。 2. may (might) 1）表允许，might 可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。 You may take whatever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。 H
28、e told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。 May (Might) I ask for photo your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在回答以 may 引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如 Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。 2）表可能（事实上） 。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。 He may be at home. 他可能在家。 S
29、he may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。 He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。 They might be having a meeting, but Im not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。 3. Must 1）表示义务。意为“必须” （主观意志） 。 We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 You mustnt talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。 -Must we
30、 hand in our exercisebooks now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？ -No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不必。 （这种情况下，一般不用 mustnt） 2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。 He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。 Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。 4. Shall 1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall
31、 I get some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？ Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么？ 2）表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。 You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令） You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。 （允诺）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。 （警告）Not
32、hing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。 （决心） 5. Will 1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 None is so blind as those who wont see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。 If you will read the 这本书，我会把它借给你。 2）表请求，用于疑问句。 Will you close the window? Its a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。 Wont you drink
33、 some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？ 3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。 The door wont open. 这门打不开。 The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。 6. Should 1）表义务。意为“应该” （某件事宜于做） ，用于各种人称。 You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。You sh
34、ouldnt waste any time. 你不应该浪费时间。 2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。 The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。 7.Would 1）表意 I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。 2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。Would you like another glass of
35、 beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？ Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？ They wouldnt have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。 3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。 8. ought to 1）表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做） ，口气比 should 稍重。You are his father. You oug
36、ht to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。You oughtnt to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。 2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。 Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 Theres a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。 9. used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。 He used to live in the coun
37、tryside, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。 There used to be a building at the street corner, bn. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。 I usednt (didnt use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？ （一）need 和 dare 的用法 need 和dare 既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时
38、，可用于各种句式。 1.用作情态动词-Need I come? -Yes, you must. -我需要来吗？ -需要。 You neednt telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 I dont think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。 She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。 How dare you say Im unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？ Not one of them dared mention this. 他们谁也不敢提这件事。 2.用作实义动词 You dont need to
39、 do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。 We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。 The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。 He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。 I dare day hell come again. 我想他会再来的。 （I dare say为固定习语） （二）情态动词后跟完完成这项工作的。 He isnt
40、here. He must have missed the train. 他还未到，一定是没赶上火车。 Where can (could) he gone? 他能到那里去了呢？ You may (might) have read about it. 你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。 You could (might) have been more careful. 你本来可以更细心的。 He neednt have worried it. 他本不必为此事担心。 There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come,
41、but why didnt you? 昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来，为何不来呢？ 2. 情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在” ， “可能正在” ， “应当正在”等意。Its twelve oclock. They must having lunch. 现在是十二点。他们一定正在吃饭。 练习1 May I stop my car here? No, you_. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. dont have to 2. Must we clean the house now? No, you _. A. neednt B. may not C. mustnt
42、 D. cant 3. John his father about his failure in the exam. A. dares not tell B. dares not telling C. dare not tell D. dares not to tell 4. You _return the book now. You can keep it next week if you like. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not 5. Johnny, you play with the knife, you _hurt yourself. A
43、. wont.cant B. mustnt.may C. shouldnt, must D. cant.shouldnt 6. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 7. Would you go out for a walk with me? No, I . My girl friend is coming. A. wouldnt B. shall not C. wont D. shouldnt 8. Ma
44、n_ die without water. A. will B. can C. need D. shall 9. If he started at 9 0clock, he be there by now. A. need B. shall C. ought to D. must 10. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She_it.A. must receive B. cant receive C. might receive D. must have received 11.The professor gave orders that the expe
45、riment_ before 5:30p.m. A. be finished B. will finish C. must be finished D. would be finished 12. There was plenty of time. You_. A. mustnt hurry B. mustnt have hurried C. neednt hurry D. neednt have hurried 13. Tom was a diligent boy. He_ go to school though it was raining hard. A.was able to B. c
46、ould C. couldnt D. wasnt able to 14. _I go back before lunch? No, I dont think you_.A. Need.must B. Do.need to C. Must.have to D. May ought to 15. The teacher_ do all the exercises, but a pupil_. A. needntmust B. may not.must C. needntneednt D. cantmust 16. Would you open the window please ? Yes, I_. A. will B. would C. do D. can 17. A lion only attacks a human being when it is hungry. A. Should B. Can C. will D. shall 18. _Must I finish this novel this morning ? _No,
