山西省壶关县2017高考英语一轮复习 阅读理解（打包12套）.zip

1山西壶关县 2017高考英语一轮阅读理解编选（二）阅读理解。Feel tired lately?Has a doctor said he can’t find anything wrong with you?Perhaps he sends you to a hospital,but all the advanced equipment there shows there is nothing wrong with you.Then,consider this:you might be in a state of sub-health(亚健康).Sub-health,also called the third state or gray state,is explained as borderline state between health and disease.According to the investigation by the National Organization,over 45 percent of sub-health people are middle-aged or elderly.The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam-week.Symptoms(征兆)include a lack of energy,depression,slow reactions,insomnia(失眠),agitation, and poor memory.Other symptoms include shortness of breath,sweating and aching in the waist and legs.The key to preventing and recovering from sub-health,according to some medical experts,is to form good living habits, alternate work and rest, exercise regularly,and take part in open air activities.As for meals,people are advised to eat less salt and sugar.They should also eat more fresh vegetables,fruits,fish because they are rich in nutritional elements—vitamins and trace elements(微量元素)—that are important to the body.Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract(消化道).They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding sub-health.1.When you are in a state of sub-health,you should ________.A .stay home and keep silentB. go to a doctor and buy some medicineC. not consider it very seriousD. find out the reasons and relax yourself提示:从全文可以看出，亚健康是身体对压力、疲劳的一种反应，即使最先进的仪器也查不出病因。所以不必去医院，也不必吃药，但是不能听之任之，不认真对待。正确的方法是找出原因、减轻压力、消除疲2劳、平衡膳食。答案:D2.Middle-aged people may be easy to get sub-health because ________.A. they have used up their energyB. they have lost their living hopesC. they have more pressure in life and workD. they have changed their way of life提示:亚健康的起因与疲劳有关系，但不是已将体力用完，排除 A项。B、D 两项文章没涉及。根据常识和第四段最后一句，我们也能判断正确答案为 C项。答案:C3.The key to preventing you from falling into a state of sub-health is to ________.A. keep on working regularly B. go to sleep a bit earlierC. form good living habits D. take medicine if necessary答案:C 文章倒数第三段第一句“…is to form good living habits”4.The underlined word “alternate” in this passage is closest in meaning to ________.A. arrange by turns B. cause to take placeC. make up for D. keep away from答案:A 从文中可看出：形成好的生活习惯，要劳逸结合，即轮流工作与休息阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的 A,B,C或 D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。I needed to buy a digital camera, one that was simply good at taking good snaps(快照), maybe occasionally for magazines. Being the cautious type, I fancied a reliable brand. So I went on the net, spent 15 minutes reading product reviews on good websites, wrote down the names of three top recommendations and headed for my nearest big friendly camera store. There in the cupboard was one of the cameras on my list. And it was on special offer. Oh joy. I pointed at it and asked an assistant, “Can I have one of those?” He looked perturbed (不安).“Do you want to try it first?” he said. It didn’t quite sound like a question. “Do I need to? “ I replied. “There’s nothing wrong with it? “ This made him look a bit 3insulted and I started to feel bad. “No, no, But you should try it,” he said encouragingly. “Compare it with the others.” I looked across at the others: shelves of similar cameras placed along the wall, offering a wide range of slightly different prices and discounts, with each company selling a range of models based around the same basic box. With so many models to choose from, it seemed that I would have to spend hours weighing X against Y, always trying to take Z and possibly R into account at the same time. But when I had finished, I would still have only the same two certainties that I had entered the store with: first, soon after I carried my new camera out of the shop, it would be worth half what I paid for it; and second, my wonderful camera would very quickly be replaced by a new model. But something in the human soul whispers that you can beat these traps by making the right choice, the clever choice, the wise choice. In the end, I agreed to try the model I had chosen. The assistant seemed a sincere man. So I let him take out my chosen camera from the cupboard, show how it took excellent pictures of my fellow shoppers. . . and when he started to introduce the special features, I interrupted to ask whether I needed to buy a carry-case and a memory card as well. Why do we think that new options (选择) still offer us anything new? Perhaps it is because they offer an opportunity to avoid facing the foot that our real choices in this culture are far more limited than we would like to imagine. 1. The shop assistant insisted that the writer should . A. try the camera to see if there was anything wrong with itB. compare the camera he had chosen with the othersC. get more information about different companiesD. trust him and stop asking questions2. What does the writer mean by“it would be worth half what I paid for it” (Paragraph 2)? 4A. He should get a 50% discount.B. The price of the camera was unreasonably high.C. The quality of the camera was not good.D. The camera would soon fall in value.3. The writer decided to try the model he had chosen because he . A. knew very little about itB. didn’t trust the shop assistantC. wanted to make sure the one he chose would be the bestD. had a special interest in taking pictures of his fellow shoppers4. It can be inferred from the passage that in the writer’s opinion, . A. people waste too much money on camerasB. cameras have become an important part of our daily lifeC. we don’t actually need so many choices when buying a productD. famous companies care more about profit than quality【参考答案】1—4、 BDCC 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【2014 高考英语福建省莆田市教学质量检查试卷】This year the selfie earned its place as the Oxford English Dictionary’s 2013 Word Of The Year．It has taken over our culture-and our smartphones．The rise of the selfie has become universal-between presidents，celebrities(名人)and citizens alike-and the trend is only 5continuing to grow.A recent survey conducted by the Pew Internet＆American Life Project found that 54 percent of Internet have posted original photos online．And of those hundreds of millions of photos， many are of selfie photos．For example，currently there are nearly 62 million posted selfiephotos on Instagram，the social media tool that has significantly contributed to the personal photo’s popularity．That figure，which continues to rise every day, does not even begin to include the selfies shared on Facebook and Twitter.What makes the selfie so attractive-and why do we feel it a must to take one? According to Dr．Pamela Rutledge，psychologist and director of the Media Psychology Research Center，the desire to take，post and get“likes” on selfies goes back to a biological behavior of all humans．“ I think it influences our sense of social connection in the same way as it does when you goto a party and people say‘Oh I love your dress，’” Rutledge told The Huffington Post.“Biological，social recognition is a real need and there is even an area of the brain that contributes to social activity．”There is a way to adapt to the growing selfie culture．Whether you’re a selfie novice or an advanced poster，there are always things to be mindful of when you’re posting，Rutledge advises.She offered two main principles to follow when it comes to posting on social media:1．The Grandmother Rule“Don't post anything online，whether text or visual，that you don't want grandmother or futureemployer to see，” Rutledge said．“Selfies especially．”2．The Elevator Rule“You wouldn’t say something in an elevator that you or no one else wants to hear—the wholeworld of social media is an elevator，” Rutledge said．“Be aware of the breadth of platform．It's easy to think you’re sharing a photo with a few people，but Instagram is 6public and people can come across things．” 60．What's the main idea of the first paragraph?A．The selfie is taking the lead． B．Many people are fond of smartphones．C．The selfie will take over everything．D．The selfie is an important new word．61．According to the passage，people like“selfie”so much，because they___________.A．need to be acknowledged in social lifeB．want to show off their new dressesC．desire to share good thingsD．mean to amuse the public62．The underlined word“novice”in Paragraph 6 probably means“___________”.A．publisher B．greenhand C．novelist D．celebrity63．When it comes to posting on social media，Rutledge advises people to___________.A．share photos only on InstagramB．talk about their photos in an elevatorC．be cautious in posting things onlineD．follow rules set by their grandmothers【参考答案】60—63、AABC 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【2014 高考英语福建省莆田市教学质量检查试卷】7At this special rate，you'll save more than 73％ off the cover price with our Continuous Renewal Guarantee ! You'll also get FREE access for 6 months to the Reader's Digest Digital Edition for iPad or Kindle Fire，with your paid subscription(订阅)．Subscribe to Reader'S Digest today and Read up!Continuous Renewal(续订)：Your subscription will be automatically renewed at significant savings off the cover price，unless you tell us to stop．You authorize us to charge your credit card for your renewal subscription before your current subscription expires(到期)at the low renewal rate then in effect．If your credit card can't be charged for any reason we will bill you directly instead．This service will continue each year until you tell us to stop．Offer is good in U.S. only．One-year cover price is $47.78．Each 1-year subscription includes 12 issues．Please allow4-6 weeks for delivery of your first issue．Free access to the iPad edition is available one time onlyfor 6 months with paid subscription；the following print subscriptions will not qualify subscriber for free access to the iPad editions．For customer service , please click here.64．You will save around________ against the cover price with Continuous Renewal Guarantee intwo years．A．$46 B．$73 C．$23 D．$7165．Which of the following sentences is TRUE?A．If you stop the continuous renewal，you can’t take the money back．B．If you continue to subscribe it，the former service will expire．C．If you want to stop the service，you can visit the website to cancel it．D．If your credit card can’t be charged，delivery of issues will directly be stopped．66．We can know from the advertisement ＿＿＿＿.A．only readers in America call get the discountB．1-year subscription covers 12 issues and free deliveryC．all subscribers will be guaranteed to get free iPad editionsD．if you Pay money，you can access the digital edition without limit 867．What is the purpose of the advertisement?A．To sell Reader’s Digest Digital Edition．B．To offer customer service to readers．C．To introduce subscription to Reader's Digest．D．To recommend continuous renewal subscription．【参考答案】64—67、DCAD 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【2014 高考英语福建省莆田市教学质量检查试卷】Dr．Ferguson energetically pushed the preparations for his departure，and in person directed the construction of his balloon．For a long time past he had been applying himself to the study of the Arab language and the various Mandingoe idioms，and，thanks to his talents in language，he had made rapid progress．In the meanwhile，his friend，the sportsman，never let him out ofhis sight-afraid，no doubt，that the doctor might take his departure，without saying a word to anybody．On this subject，he tried to discourage him with the most persuasive arguments，which，however，did NOT persuade Samuel Ferguson，and wasted his breath，by which the latter seemed to be but slightly moved．In fine，Dick felt that the doctor was slipping through his fingers．The poor Scot was really to be pitied．He could not look upon theblue sky without a wild terror: when asleep，he felt dizziness(眩晕)that made his head turn around；and every night he had visions of crashing down from immeasurable heights．We must add that，during these nightmares，he once or twice fell out of bed. His first care then was to show Ferguson a severe bump(肿块)that he had received on the fall．“And yet，”hewould add，with warmth，“that was at the height of only three feet 一 not an inch more一 and such a bump as this! Only think，then!”This appeal，full of sad meaning as it was，did not seem to touch the doctor's heart．Not even the shadow of a doubt was ever suggested；and Samuel made an intolerable misuse of the 9first person plural：“‘Our’balloon，‘our’ car ；‘our’expedition.”Dick trembled at them，although he was determined not to go ; he did not want to annoy his friend．Let us also disclose the fact that，without knowing exactly why himself，he had sent to Edinburgh for a certain selection of heavy clothing，and his best hunting-tools and fire-arms．68．Why did Dr．Ferguson start to learn new languages?A．To keep himself occupied．B．To get ready for the departure．C．To show his talent in language．D．To Know more about balloon construction．69．We Call infer from the passage that Dick ＿＿＿＿.A．suffered from a disease during the nightsB．got hurt in a fall from the balloon in the eveningC．decided to take the adventure with the doctor at lastD．equipped himself with arms to frighten his friend70．Which word best describes Dr．Ferguson’s attitude towards his balloon flight?A．Excited． B．Optimistic． C．Worried. D．Determined71．What’s the writing pattern of the passage?A．News． B．Fiction． C．Journal． D．Biography．【参考答案】68—71、BCDB 1山西壶关县 2017 高考英语阅读理解一轮编选（二）阅读理解。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项。Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers’ desire to go green. However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns.Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy.This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the companies should still make efforts to become more environmentally friendly. Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a company’s environmental reputation was not good enough.Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Carbon Trust, sympathizes：“I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is ticking—we don’t have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand.”Larger companies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions（排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which companies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers.The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing. “When companies are granted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（标识）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Morrison said. ( ) 1. What’s the main idea of the passage?A. Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.B. Companies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions.2C. Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.D. Firms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppers’ environmental awareness.( ) 2. The underlined word “inform” in Paragraph 2 probably means“ ”.A. affect B. change C. disturb D. reject( ) 3. According to Harry Morrison, businesses .A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissionsB. should buy carbon allowances for shoppersC. are required to make up for their carbon emissionsD. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere( ) 4. We can learn from the passage that businesses will .A. have a strong desire to reduce costsB. use the same logo in their marketingC. gain advantages by taking early actionD. attract more shoppers by storing goods【语篇解读】本篇文章为说明文。现在顾客购物已经开始考虑环保的问题。面临顾客环保的心理需求，企业只有主动采取措施，减少排放，才会更好地赢得顾客的信赖，进而获得更好的收益1、答案 D。【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns”及最后一段第一句可知，企业因购买者的环保意识而去减排。故选 D 项。2、答案 A。【解析】词义猜测题。由本段中“while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy”可知，现在三分之二的顾客在购物时对环境的考虑比一年前程度加深了。因此 A 项符合句子意思3、答案 A。解析】推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand”可以推断出：商业会受益于减排。因此 A 项符合文章。4、答案 C。【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers”可知，早采取行动减排的企业可以更好地吸引顾客。因此可以推断出 C 项。3阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的 A,B,C 或 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego(UCSD)for two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book, “Versed”. “I’m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that the Pulitzer brings, as compared to even the National Book Critics Award, which I was also surprised and delighted to win,” said Armantrout. “For a long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of attention, suddenly, with my 10th book, is really surprising.”Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelor’s degree at UC Berkeley, where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov, and her master’s in creative writing from San Francisco State University. She is a founding member of Language Poets, a group in American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think. In March, she won the National Book Critics Award for“Versed.” “This book has gotten more attention,” Armantrout said, “but I don’t feel as if it’s better.”The first half of“Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United States as it fought the war against Iraq. The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006.Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many of her colleagues were not. “Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry,” said Seth Lerer, head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD. “Versed,” published by the Wesleyan University Press, did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works, which is about 2, 700 copies. The new edition is scheduled to appear in 4May. 1. According to Rae Armantrout, . A. her 10th book is much better B. her winning the Pulitzer is unexpectedC. the media is surprised at her works D. she likes being recognized by her readers2. Which of the following is true of Rae Armantrout? A. She published a poetry textbook. B. She used to teach Denise Levertov.C. She started a poets’ group with others. D. She taught creative writing at UC Berkeley.3. What can we learn about“Versed” ? A. It consists of three parts. B. It is mainly about the American army.C. It is a book published two decades ago. D. It partly concerns the poet’s own life. 4. Rae Armantrout’s colleagues think that she . A. should write more B. has a sweet voiceC. deserves the prize D. is a strange professor5. What can we learn from the text? A. About 2, 700 copies of“Versed” will be printed. B. Cancer made Armantrout stop writing.C. Armantrout got her degrees at UCSD.D. “Versed” has been awarded twice.【参考答案】1--5 、BCDCD 5阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【四川省绵阳市 2014 高考英语一模试题】Let These Plants Swat the Bugs for YouSome plants get so hungry they eat flies, spiders, and even small frogs. What's more amazing is that these plants occur naturally (in special environments) in every state. In fact, they're found on every continent except Antarctica.You've probably seen a Venus' flytrap. It's often sold in museum gift stores, department stores, and even supermarkets. A small plant, it grows 6 to 8 inches tall in a container. At the end of its stalks（茎）are specially modified leaves that act like traps. Inside each trap is a lining of tiny trigger（触发）hairs. When an insect lands on them, the trap suddenly shut. Over the course of a week or so, the plant feeds on its catch.The Venus' flytrap is just one of more than 500 species of meat-eating plants, says Barry Meyers-Rice, the editor of the International Carnivorous Plant Society's Newsletter. Note: Despite any science-fiction stories（科幻小说）you might have read, no meat-eating plant does any danger to humans.Dr. Meyers-Rice says a plant is meat-eating, only if it does all four of the following: “attract, kill, digest, and absorb“ some form of insects , including flies, butterflies, and moths. Meat-eating plants look and act like other green plants-well, most of the time.All green plants make sugar through a process called photosynthesis（光合作用）. Plants use the sugar to make food. What makes “meat-eating“ plants different is their bug-catching leaves. They need insects for one reason: nitrogen（氮）. Nitrogen is a nutrient that they can't obtain any other way. Why?Almost all green plants on our planet get nitrogen from the soil. “Meat-eating“ plants can't. They live in places where nutrients are hard or almost impossible to get from the soil because of its acidity（酸度）. So they've come to rely on getting nitrogen from insects and small animals. In fact, nutrient-rich soil is poisonous to “meat-eating“ plants. Never fertilize（施肥）them! But don't worry, either, if they never seem to catch any insects. They can survive, but they'll grow very slowly.664. Venus flytrapA. is a small plant which grows in a container.B. is a kind of plant which gets hungry easily.C. can attract, kill, digest and absorb some form of insects.D. grows 6-8 inches tall65. From the passage, we know .A. “meat-eating“ plants are found on every continent.B. all green plants get nitrogen from the soil.C. bug-catching leaves make “meat-eating“ different from other plants.D. some “meat-eating“ plants in the rainforest do danger to humans.66. “Meat-eating“ plants grow very slowly, .A. so you'd better fertilize themB. probably because the source of nitrogen is cut off.C. simply because they can't absorb nitrogen from the soilD. and then they will die slowly.67. Which of the following is true?A. “Meat-eating“ plants look and act like other green plants.B. No insects, no “meat-eating“ plants.C. The reason why Venus flytrap needs flies is that it needs to get nutrient from them.D. Green plants make sugar at night.68. What does the underlined word nutrient in paragraph 5 probably mean?A. 化学物 B.营养物 C. 肥料 D. 氮氢化合物【参考答案】64—68、CCBCB 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【四川省绵阳市 2014 高考英语一模试题】What's your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember the first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom recall events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four rarely retain any memory of specific, personal experiences.7A variety of explanations have been proposed by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia“( 记忆缺失,健忘).One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature（成熟）until about the age of two. But the most popular theory maintains (主张）that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories. But when they search through their mental files for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fit the pattern. It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren't any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else's spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten impressions of these experiences into long-term memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them - Mother talking about the afternoon spent looking for crabs(蟹) at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this verbal reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form permanent memories of their personal experiences.69. According to the passage, it is widely believed that_________.A. it is impossible for an adult to recall his(or her) childhood experiencesB. adults virtually have no access to their childhood memoriesC. adults think in words while children think in imagesD. adults and children have different brain structures70. “Trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary“ is stated in the passage to show that_______.A. Chinese and English are totally different languagesB. it is unlikely to find a Chinese word in an English dictionaryC. adults and children have different memory patternsD. memories are in some way connected with languages71. According to Annette Simms,_______________.A. verbal reinforcement is necessary for children to have permanent memoriesB. there does not exist such things as childhood memories8C. children's brains are mature enough to form permanent memoriesD. children are generally inexperienced and unable to remember things they don't understand【参考答案】69—71、BCA 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和 D)中，选出最佳选项。【四川省绵阳市 2014 高考英语一模试题】A century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.Most of the cases were decided in sate courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.Court decisions always went against railroad workers. A Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchman's negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchmen acted carefully, was a “pure accident“. In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jury's decision because it argued that the railroad's negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroads-against their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals.72. Which of the following is NOT true in Farwell's case?9A. Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.B. Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.C. The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly taken his job.D. The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.73. What must have happened after the fire case was settled in court?A. The railroad compensated for the damage to the immediate buildings.B. The railroad compensated for all the damage by the fire.C. The railroad paid nothing for the damaged building.D. The railroad worker paid for the property damage himself.74. The following aroused public resentment EXCEPT _____.A. political power B. high fares C. economic loss D. indifference75. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Railroad oppressing indiv