收藏 分享(赏)

初一英语知识.doc

上传人:myk79025 文档编号:6855707 上传时间:2019-04-24 格式:DOC 页数:13 大小:54.50KB
下载 相关 举报
初一英语知识.doc_第1页
第1页 / 共13页
初一英语知识.doc_第2页
第2页 / 共13页
初一英语知识.doc_第3页
第3页 / 共13页
初一英语知识.doc_第4页
第4页 / 共13页
初一英语知识.doc_第5页
第5页 / 共13页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

1、初一英语知识本文由 Irene183585 贡献doc 文档可能在 WAP 端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择 TXT,或下载源文件到本机查看。一、初一英语语法词法 1、名词 A) 、名词的数 我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构 成如下: 一)在后面加 s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, tch 后加 es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三)1)以辅

2、音字母加 y 结尾的变 y 为 i 再加 es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2)以元音字母加 y 结尾的直接加 s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四)以 o 结尾加 s(外来词) 。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加 o 的加 es:如: tomatoes 西红柿, potatoes 马铃薯 五)以 f 或 fe 结尾的变 f 为 v 再加

3、es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer 鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police 警察局,警察, class 班,同学, family 家,家庭成员 九)合成的复数一般

4、只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由 man 或 woman 所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish 鱼 fishes 鱼的种类, paper 纸 papers 报纸,卷子,论文, work 工作 works 作品,工厂, glass 玻璃 glasses 玻璃杯, 眼镜, orange 桔子水 oranges 橙子, light 光线 lights 灯

5、, people 人 peoples 民族, time 时间 times 时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十一)单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加 s 或s。如:Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。但如是缩略词则只加 s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二) 特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen B)名词的格 当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

6、一)单数在后面加s。如:brothers, Mikes, teachers 二) 复数以 s 结尾的直接在 s 后加 , 如果不是以 s 结尾的与单数一样处理。 Teachers Day 教师节, classmates; Childrens 如: Day 六一节, Womens Day 三八节 三)由 and 并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如: Mike and Bens room 迈克和本的房间(共住一间) ,Mikes and Bens rooms 迈克和本的房间(各自的房间) 2、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词

7、反身代词 人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself 复数 they them their theirs these those themselves 3、动词 A) 第三人称单数 当动

8、词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加 s,如下: 一)一般在词后加 s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二)在 x, sh, ch, s, tch 后加 es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes三)1)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的变 y 为 i 再加 es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries 2)以元音字母加 y 结尾的直接加 s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四)以 o 结尾加 es。如

9、:does, goes 五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has B) 现在分词 当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下: 一) 一般在后加 ing。 spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, 如: go-going, do-doing 二)以不发音 e 的结尾的去掉 e 再加 ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-pra

10、cticing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如 show showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后 的辅音字母再加 ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以 ie 结尾的变 ie 为 y 再加 ing。如:tie-tying 系 die-dying 死 lie-lying 位于 4、形容词的级 我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下: 一) 一

11、般在词后加 er 或 est(如果是以 e 结尾则直接加 r 或 st)。 如: greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest 二)以重读闭音节结尾且 1 个元音字母1 个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如 few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加 er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三) 以辅音字母y 结尾的变 y 为 i 加 er

12、/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远) good/well-better best,many/much-more most,bad/ill-worse worst,little-less least,old-older/elder oldest/eldest, far-farther/

13、further farthest/furthest 5、数词 (基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接 th;y 结尾,变为 i, eth 跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、初一英语语法句式 1.陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be 动词) b) He looks very yo

14、ung. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词) d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) Theres a computer on my desk. (There be 结构) 否定陈述句 a) These arent their books. b) They dont look nice. c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate cant find her doll. e) There isnt a cat here. (=Ther

15、es no cat here.) 2. 祈使句 肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Lets learn English!c) Come in, please. 否定祈使句 a) Dont be late. b) Dont hurry. 3. 疑问句 1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading? 肯定回答 a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c)

16、Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is. 否定回答: a) No, he isnt. b) No, you cant. c) No, she doesnt. d) No, they dont. e) No, she isnt. 2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 Its big./ Its small. 3) 特殊疑问句 1 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. 2 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action

17、 movies and comedies. 3 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 4 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? My e-mail address is . 5 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? 6 问时间 Whats the time? (=What time is it?) Its a quarter to ten a.m What time do you usually get up, Ric

18、k? At five oclock. When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00. 7 问地方 Wheres my backpack? Its under the table. 8 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. Whats your favourite color? Its black. 9 问人物 Whos that? Its my sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma. Wh

19、o are Lisa and Tim talking to? 10 问东西 Whats this/that (in English)? Its a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers. 11 问姓名 Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen. Whats your first name? My first names Ben. Whats your family

20、name? My family names Smith. 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13 问字母 What letter is it? Its big D/small f. 14 问价格 How much are these pants? Theyre 15 dollars. 15 问电话号码 Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349. 16 问谓语(动作) Whats he doing? Hes watching TV. 17 问职业(身份) What do you do? Im a

21、teacher. Whats your father? Hes a doctor. 三、初一英语语法时态 1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有: Be 动词:Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker. 情态动词:I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play the piano. 行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don

22、t want to eat any tomatoes. Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch. 2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为 sb be v-ing sth + 其它. Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not playing baseball. Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isnt w

23、riting a letter. Theyre listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They arent listening to the pop music. 回答者: Demo_sa | 一级 | 2010-4-24 15:53 一. 词汇 单词 1. 介词:in, on, under, behind, near, at, of 1). in 表示“在中“, “在内“。例如: in our class 在我们班上 in my bag 在我的书包里 in the desk 在桌子里 in the clas

24、sroom 在教室里 2). on 表示“在上“。例如: on the wall 在墙上 on the desk 在桌子上 on the blackboard 在黑板上 3). under 表示“在下“。例如: under the tree 在树下under the chair 在椅子下 under the bed 在床下 4). behind 表示“在后面“。例如: behind the door 在门后 behind the tree 在树后 5). near 表示“在附近“。例如: near the teachers desk 在讲桌附近 near the bed 在床附近 6). at

25、 表示“在处“。例如: at school 在学校 at home 在家 at the door 在门口 7). of 表示“的“。例如: a picture of our classroom 我们教室的一幅画 a map of China 一张中国地图 2. 冠词 a / an / the: 冠词一般位于所限定的名词前,用来署名名词所指的人或事物。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有两个形式,即 a 和 an。a 用在以辅音音素开头的词前,如 a book; an 用在以元音音素开头的字母前,如 an apple. a 或 an 与可数名词单数连用,泛指某类人或某物中的一个。 This i

26、s a cat. 这是一只猫。 Its an English book. 这是一本英语书。 His father is a worker. 他的爸爸是个工人。 the 既可以用在可数名词前,也可以用在不可数名词前,表示某个或某些特定的人或事物,也可以指上文提到过的人或事物。 Whos the boy in the hat? 戴帽子的男孩是谁呀? What can you see in the classroom? I can see a bag. Wheres the bag? Its on the desk. 你能在教室里看到什么呀? 我能看见一个书包。 书包在哪呀? 在桌子上。 3.som

27、e 和 any 在肯定句中用 some.例如: There are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些书。 Lucy has some good books 露西有一些好书。在疑问句和否定句中用 any。例如: Is there any ink in your pen?你的钢笔里有墨水吗? Do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗? There isnt any water in the glass.杯子里没有水。记住它们的特殊用法。 some 亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中,这一点我们不

28、久就会学到。例如: Would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗?any 也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何的“。例如: Any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个。 some 和 any 的用法是经常出现的考点,希望大家能准确地掌握它们的用法。 4.family family 看作为一个整体时,意思是“家庭“,后面的谓语动词 be 用单数形式 is ;如把 family 看作为家庭成员时,应理解为复 数,后面的谓语动词 be 应用 are。 My family is a big family. 我的家庭是个大家庭。 My f

29、amily are all at home now. 我的家人现在都在家。 Family 强调由家人组成的一个集体或强调这个集体中的成员。home 指个人出生、被抚养长大的环境和居住地点。 house 指“家“、“房屋“,侧重居住的建筑本身。 His family are all workers. 他的家人都是工人。 My home is in Beijing. 我的家在北京。 He isnt at home now. 他现在不在家。 Its a picture of my family. 这是一张我全家的照片。 5. little 的用法 a little dog 一只小狗,a little

30、 boy 一个小男孩。little 常用来修饰有生命的名词。 *但 little 还可表示否定意义,意为“少的“,加不可数名词。 There is little time. 几乎没时间了。 There is little water in the cup. 杯中水很少。 词组 on the desk 在桌子上 behind the chair 在椅子后 under the chair 在椅子下面 in her pencil-box 在她的铅笔盒中 near the door 在门附近 a picture of a classroom 一个教室的图片 look at the picture 看这

31、张图片 the teachers desk 讲桌 a map of China 一张中国地图 family tree 家谱 have a seat 坐下,就坐 this way 这边走二. 日常用语1. Come and meet my family. 2. Go and see. I think its Li Lei. 3. Glad to meet you. 4. What can you see in the picture? I can see a clock / some books. 5. Can you see an orange? Yes, I can. / No, I can

32、t. 6. Wheres Shenzhen? Its near Hong Kong. 7. Let me see.(口语)让我想想看。 see 在这是“明白、懂了“,不可译作“看见“。例如: 8. Please have a seat. seat 表示“座位“,是个名词。have a seat 表示“就坐“,也可以说 take a seat, 和 sit down 的意思相同。三. 语法 1. 名词所有格 名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系,通常用名词所有格的形式,意为“的“。一般有以下几种形式: (1). 一般情况下在词尾加“s“。例如: Kates father Kate 的爸爸 my mo

33、thers friend 我妈妈的朋友 (2). 如果复数名词以 s 结尾,只加“。例如: Teachers Day 教师节 The boys game 男孩们的游戏 (3). 如果复数名词不以 s 结尾,仍加“s“。例如:Childrens Day 儿童节 Womens Day 妇女节 (4). 表示两个或几个共有时,所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如: Lucy and Lilys room Lucy 和 Lily 的房间 Kate and Jims father Kate 和 Jim 的爸爸 动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加“s“,而常常用介词 of 的短语来表示。 a map

34、of China 一幅中国地图 the name of her cat 她的猫的名字 a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片 the door of the bedroom 卧室的门 2. 祈使句祈使句主要用来表示说话人的请求、命令、建议、叮嘱等意图。祈使句一般不用主语,读时用降调。为使语气委婉、礼貌, 常在句首或句尾加 please 。在句尾时,please 前多用逗号。 (1). 祈使句肯定形式的谓语动词一律用动词原形。 Go and see. 去看看。 Come in, please. 请进。 (2). 祈使句的否定形式常用 dont 于句首。 Dont loo

35、k at your books. 不要看书。 Dont play on the road. 不要在马路上玩。 3. There be 的句子结构 There be 是一个“存在“句型,表示“有“的意思, 肯定句的形式为:There be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语。 be 动词单复数的确定,看 be 后边第一个名词,当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时,be 动词形式为 is;当所接主语为复数名 词时,be 动词为 are;当 be 动词后接两个以上主语时,be 动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为“某地有某人或某物“。 如: There is an eraser and two

36、pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。 There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。 (1)there be 的否定句,即在 be 的后面加上 not。 否定形式为:There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。 There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。 There arent any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。 (2)there be 句型的疑问句就是将 be 提到句首:Be there + (any) +名词

37、+地点状语?肯定回答:Yes, there is / are. 否定回 答:No, there isnt / arent. Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗? Yes, there is. 有。 Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗?No, there arent. 没有。 (3)特殊疑问句:How many . . . are there (+地点状语)?“某地有多少人或物?“回答用 There be . . . Theres one. / There are two / three / some . .

38、. 有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . . How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生? Theres only one. / There are nine. 只有一个。/有九个。 (4)如果名词是不可数名词,用:How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语? How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水? How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物? 回答者: 悠嘻猴 fall | 六级 | 2010-

39、4-24 19:03 三.有时可表示即将发生的动作(只限于 go,come,stay,leave,start,begin,arrive,return,drive,do,have 等瞬间性动词),这时常有 一个表示将来 时间的状语.例如:A.I guess that will be okay,but if I think that the movie is too violent then we are leaving. B.There is a great Egyptian exhibit coming to town soon. This is a world-class exhibit.

40、C.They are coming back in a few minutes. D.Im flying to new York next week. E.What are you doing this evening?四.用进行时可表示过程.例如:A.Her heart is weak.Shes getting older. B.Well,you know its getting hotter out.Short hair helps keep me cool.注:有些表示感觉,情感的动词不能用进行时.这种动词主要 有:know,understand,love,like,hate,feel,

41、desire,wish,want,refuse,remember,forget, hear,see,smell,taste,notice,believe,agree,think,have,depend,seem,belong to,consist,possess 等,这些动词通常用一般现在 时表示说话时发生的动作. 例如:A.Do you understand the chemistry home work? B.Its good to hear youre making friends. C.Alex,I think the dog needs to go out. D.I agree wi

42、th that.It is hot out today. 8.现在完成时又分:概念与形式和用法 A.概念与形式:现在完成时由“助动词 have/has+动词过去分词“构成.has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其余人称. B.用法:一.表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态.通常用可延续性动词.如:be,work,study,live 等.常与表示时间长 度的状语连用,如: for ten minutes,since 2001,all day 等.也可以用表示到目前为止的时间状语,如:so far,up to now,until now 等.例如:A.Have you finished

43、 your homework, young man? B.Ive had the current battery for about 3 years. C.Hey,James,I havent seen you in a while. D.How long have you been here? E.Some of my friends and I have formed a team.We need another player. 二.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与非延续性动词如 give,go,meet,see 等连用,并常常带不确定的时间 状语,如 already,y

44、et,just,ever, never 等.例如:A.Ive already finished I can help you. B.My sons only four years old,so I havent told him the truth yet. C.Robert was there with a new girl I have never seen berofe.Who was she? D.Have you ever heard of the flu?Ill get sick. 三.表示从过去开始到目前为止这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态.常与频率副词如:often,a

45、lways,every week 等连 用.例如:A.Ive always wanted to go to Alaska.Maybe do some fishing and hiking. B.I guess you could say that.Ive always cherished it. 9.一般过去时又分:概念与形式和用法 A.概念与形式:一般过去时由动词的过去式表示,规则动词的过去式是在动词原形后加 ed.不规则动词形式特殊,需要逐个地记. 用一般过去时进,行为动词在句子 里没有人称,数的变化,而动词 be 有变化,其过去式 was 用于第一,第三人称单数,were 用于其它各种人

46、称. 一般过去时由动词 的过去式表示.规则动词的过去式是在动词 原形后加 ed.不规则动词形式特殊,需要逐个地记.用一般过去时时,行为动词在句子里没有人称,数的变化,而动词 be 有变化.其 过去式 was 用于第一,第三人称单数,were 用于其它各种人称. B.用法:一.表示在过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,last night,a few minutes ago,last Sunday,last year, three days/months/years ago,the night before last,just now 等.例如:

47、A.Thank you.I just arrived last night. B.No,I was here years ago. C.Wow!Did you see the rain this morning? 二.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,可与时间状语 often 连用,used to(过去常常)加动词原形或 would 加动词原形也表示过去 经常,反复发生的动作.例如:A.I dont think schools are as good as they used to be. B.Always.We always had dogs in my family. 三.从过去某一时间考虑,

48、已经预先计划或安排的肯定将要发生的动作.例如:A.I thought you said you could finish this report by Tuesday. B.It said there was a snow warning tonight.I dont think you should be out driving. C.She told us that school opened on the following day. D.They went to bed early that evening as they started the next day. 10.一般将来时又

49、分:概念与形式和用法 A.概念与形式:一般将来时由“助动词 shall/will+动词原形“构成.第一人称用 shall 或 will,其余人称都用 will.B.几种形式:一.be going to+动词原形 常用于表示已经决定,安排,打算,计划,准备要做某事,也可表示某种迹象表明很可能发 生的事.例如:A.How do you think you are going to do on tomorrows test? B.Are you going to tonights volleyball game? C.Its going to be cold. 二.be about+to+词原形表示“不久就要即将发生“不能与表示将来的确切的时间状语连用.例如:A.Im just about to go out with some friends to dinner. B.Look.They just turned the li

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索
资源标签

当前位置:首页 > 企业管理 > 管理学资料

本站链接:文库   一言   我酷   合作


客服QQ:2549714901微博号:道客多多官方知乎号:道客多多

经营许可证编号: 粤ICP备2021046453号世界地图

道客多多©版权所有2020-2025营业执照举报