1、第八章 非谓语动词,Nonfinite Verbs,本讲内容概要 1、什么是非谓语动词？ 2、非谓语动词的词法特点 3、非谓语动词的用法 4、非谓语动词各种用法辨析 5、巩固性练习,什么是非谓语动词？ 非谓语动词有三种: 动名词 (Gerund)， 分词(Participles) 动词不定式 (Infinitive)。,非谓语动词的词法特点 动名词 (doing) 起名词作用 不定式 (to do) 起名词、形容词和副词作用 分 词 (doing/done) 起形容词和副词作用,动名词的用法（5种） （1）Collecting stamps is my hobby. （作主语）集邮是我最喜欢的
2、爱好。 （2）I like collecting stamps. (作宾语动词宾语) 我喜欢集邮。 I am against your spending too much money on stamps. （作宾语介词宾语） 我反对你花很多钱买邮票。,动名词的用法（5种） （3）They laughed at my hobby, collecting stamps. (作同位语) 他们嘲笑我的爱好集邮。 （4）My hobby is collecting stamps. (作表语) 我的爱好是集邮。 （5）A swimming pool will be built in our school.
3、 (作定语) 我们学校将要建一个新的游泳池。,分词的用法（4种） （1）This situation is very encouraging. (作表语) 形势非常令人鼓舞。 比较: he students are encouraged at the situation. 注 作表语时，现在分词表示性质、特征，过去分词表示状态、结果。,分词的用法（4种） （2）Tom found the dog lying under the table. (作宾语补足语) （3）He had an amusing experience last week. （作定语现在分词）上个星期，他碰到一件令人好笑的经
4、历。比较: The injured worker was in great pain. (作定语过去分词） 那个受伤的工人处于极大的痛苦之中。,分词的用法（4种） （4）Hearing the news, they jumped with joy. (作状语时间、原因) 听到这个消息，他们高兴得跳了起来。比较: The man professor sat there, surrounded by many students. （作状语伴随）教授坐在那儿周围有许多学生。 It growing dark, they went home. (作状语独立结构) 天黑了，他们回家了。 比较: The b
5、oys returned, their faced covered with sweat. (作状语独立结构) 孩子们回来了，满脸是汗。,不定式的用法 （7种） （1）To study English well is important. (作主语) It is important to study English well. （做主语形式主语it） （2）He offered to help us. (作宾语) （3）My new job, to look after the children, is interesting. （作同位语） （4）My plan is to finish t
6、he task in three days. (作表语),不定式的用法 （7种） （5）The teacher asked us to write a composition. (作宾补) （6）He handed me the paper to be typed. (作定语) I will have a meeting to attend this afternoon. (作定语) （7）He went to the library to borrow a book. (作状语目的状语) I am very pleased to see you. （作状语原因状语） He went ther
7、e only to learn that the class had been cancelled. （作状语 结果状语）,非谓语动词各种用法的比较不定式和分词充当定语的区别 它们的区别主要体现在时间上 The problem discussed (being discussed, to be discussed) at the meeting is of great importance. 在会上已经讨论（正在讨论，即将讨论）的问题具有重要的意义。,非谓语动词各种用法的比较不定式和分词充当状语的区别 不定式多半情况下充当目的状语，有时用作原因状语和结果状语。 而分词作状语时，根据位置的不同分
8、别表示两种意义，用在句首表示原因和时间，用在句尾表示伴随或陪衬。,1. John often attends public lectures at Hyde Park，chiefly _ his English. A) improving B) to improve C) improved D) to be improving 2. _ with Paris, New York is very crowded. A) To compare B) Having compared C) To be compared D) Compared,分词的独立主格，或独立结构。 The workers re
9、turned home, their clothes _ wet with sweat. A) to be B) having been C) being D) been,非谓语动词各种用法的比较现在分词和动名词充当定语的区别 现在分词作定语表示状态，而动名词作定语表示“用途”，或者“功能”。 a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping (主谓关系) a sleeping car = a car for sleeping (名词与用途的关系),非谓语动词各种用法的比较现在分词和过去分词充当表语的区别 现在分词作定语表示“性质”和“特征”，因此常翻译为“
10、令人”; 而过去分词则表示“状态”，“结果”。 The result of the test is disappointing. 考试结果令人失望。(具有令人失望的性质) They are disappointed with the result of the test. 他们对考试结果感到失望。(处于失望的状态),非谓语动词各种用法的比较不定式和动名词充当名词成分区别 不定式表示的含义比较具体，或者是一次性的活动，而动名词表示的意思比较宽泛，或者含有泛指的意义。 I like reading novels. But I dont like to read this kind of novel
11、s. I prefer going to work by bike. But on rainy days, I prefer to go by bus.,非谓语动词各种用法的比较非谓语动词的逻辑主语的比较 English is very difficult for us to learn. (for somebody to do something) John doesnt like his wifes working too late. (somebodys doing something) Tom arriving home, father felt relieved. (somebody
12、 + 分词独立主格),上述各句中的非谓语动词，如果略去逻辑主语，行为者要么是泛指要么就是句子主语。 English is very difficult to learn. (泛指对任何人来说) John doesnt like working too late. (指John ) Arriving home, father felt relieved. (指Jack),非谓语动词各种用法的比较关于形式词it在非谓语动词中的使用 （1）当不定式作主语时，我们经常用一个形式主语it，而将充当主语的不定式放到后面去。 To study English well is important. = It
13、is important to study English well. （2）当不定式作宾语而后面还跟有补语时，必须使用形式宾语it，而将真正作宾语的不定式放到后面去。如： They consider it necessary to study English well.,非谓语动词各种用法的比较关于形式词it在非谓语动词中的使用 （3）当动名词做主语的时候，一般不使用形式主语it。但是当表语是表示“有用没有用”，“值得不值得”，“明智不明智” 意义时，通常要使用形式主语it，而将作主语的动名词放到后面去。 比较： Studying English well is necessary. (不需
14、要、也不可以用形式主语it，因为表语necessary 不属于上述“有没有”一类形容词。) Crying over spilt milk is no use. = It is no use crying over spilt milk. （可以用，因为no use 属于“有没有用”一类词）,非谓语动词各种用法的比较关于形式词it在非谓语动词中的使用 （4）当动名词充当宾语、后面跟有补语的时候，原则上不可以使用形式宾语it。但是作宾语的动名词后面的补语是表示“有用没有用”，“值得不值得”，“明智不明智”意义时，我们则应该使用形式主语it，而将做宾语的动名词放到后面去。 比较： They cons
15、ider studying English well important. They consider it worthwhile studying English well.,非谓语动词各种用法的比较非谓语动词的否定形式比较 不定式 to do something not do something 动名词 doing something not doing something 分 词 doing something not doing something,非谓语动词的时态、语态的变化形式比较 1）不定式 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be do
16、ing 无 完成式 to have done to have been done 2）动名词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 进行式 无 无完成式 having done having been done,非谓语动词的时态、语态的变化形式比较 3）现在分词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing 无 进行式 无 完成式 having done 无 4）过去分词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 done 无进行式 being done 无完成式 having been done 无 否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词,巩固性
17、练习 1、选择题 (说出下列选择题的答案，并指出各题的考点) 1) _ what to do, he went to the manager for help. A) Not to know B) Not knowing C) Not having known D) Having not knowing 2) Can you imagine _ famous as an actor? A) that the fat boy becomes B) the fat boys becoming C) that the fat boy to become D) the fat boy to becom
18、e 3) The movie star wire dark glasses so as to avoid _. A) being recognized B) to be recognized C) recognized D) recognizing,4) The dormitory _ a year ago is large enough to accommodate 500 students. A) built B) being built C) to have built D) to have been built 5) The librarian doesnt permit _ loud
19、ly in the library. A) to talk B) talking C) having talking D) to be talking 6) I have no objection to _ the window to get in some fresh air. A) you to open B) your open C) your opening D) your open 7) Documents _ with chemicals will not become yellow with age. A) treating B) treated with C) to treat
20、 D) to have been treated,8) _ by a crowd of spectators (观众), the young actress felt a little nervous. A) Watched B) To be watched C) Watching D) Having watched 9) _ with one made of stone, an iron bridge not only looks better but also is stronger. A) Comparing B) Having compared C) To be compared D)
21、 Compared 10) The last man _ the sinking ship was the captain. A) left B) to leave C) having left D) being left,2、填空题 (说出下列选择题的答案，并指出各题的考点) 1) The Chairman said, “The plan (discuss) _ now must be kept as a secret.” 2) Green found it difficult (explain) _ his beliefs to Philip. 3) The company is havi
22、ng difficulty in getting enough properly (qualify) _ staff members. 4) With the pace of life (quicken) _, people find it necessary to take more exercise in order to keep in good health.,5) (not save) _ enough money, he cannot afford to buy his mother a washing machine. 6) They were believed to (disc
23、uss) _ the problem beforehand. 7) The date of my departure was postponed once again because of an (expect) _ snowstorm. 8) (not give) _ the permission to hold a party at home, Mary felt very disappointed. 9) That bridge is said (build) _ hundreds of years ago. 10) The young couple seated in the rest
24、aurant seemed (have) _ a good time.,1.Tell Mary that theres someone_for her at the door.A.waiting B.waited C.waits D.to wait2.There is a big dog_to a fence outside the house.A.tying B.tied C.to tie D.ties3.The_waiter came up to us and said,“You are welcome.“A.smiling B.smiled C.smile D.to smile4._th
25、e early train,youll have to get up early and rush in a taxi.A.Catching B.Caught C.To catch D.Catch ABAC,6.Whether it will do us harm remains_ .A.seen B.seeing C.being seen D.to be seen7.Whom would you rather have_with you,him or me?A.to be gone B.gone C.going D.go8.The power station keeps the villag
26、es _ with electricity.A.supplied B.to supply C.supplying D.having supplied9.The path in the park looked beautiful, _ with_leaves.A.covered;falling B.covered;fallen C.covering;falling D.covering,fallen DDAB,11.All work is pleasant_when the habit of working is formed.A.done B.doing C.to do D.to be don
27、e12.The man_in a blue jacket at the party was a doctor.A.put on B.dressed C.had on D.wore13.People are talking about the new play _in two weeks.A.to be put on B.to put on C.being put on D.put on14.The man_in the chair asked me to _.A.seated;seated B.sitting;sitting C.seating;seat D.seated;be seated
28、CBAD,21.I rushed there in a taxi only_the library_.A.finding;closed B.finding;shutted C.to find;close D.to find;closed22.Many things_impossible in the past are common today.A.considering B.to consider C.considered D.being considered23.He must have gone out.I heard the noise of the door_when I was st
29、ill in bed.A.being locked B.to lock C.locking D.having locked24.As a boy,he was_ hard all day long.A.made to work B.to make working C.made working D.to make work DCAA,31.There seemed nothing else to do but_a doctor.A.to send for B.to call for C.send for D.to call in32._a reply,he decided to write ag
30、ain.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having received not 33.She went out,_her baby by itself.A.left B.leaving C.having left D.to leave34.Rather than_on a crowded bus,he always prefers_a bicycle.A.ride;ride B.riding;ride C.ride;to ride D.to ride;riding CCBC,36.The sentence need
31、s_once more.A.explained B.explaining C.being explained D.to explain37.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.to be followed C.following D.being followed 39.The monkey was so lucky that it just missed _ .A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch40._for the work,he went to sleep at ease.A.Well prepared B.Preparing C.Being prepared D.Getting ready BCCA,
