1、国际贸易地理,作者：李荣庆,责任编辑：张 琛 出版日期：2009年9月 IDPN：308-2009-158 课件章数：17,Unit 7,Unit 7 World Agriculture and its Trade Geography,世界农产品贸易地理,In this Unit, you will learn:,Lead-in 中文导读,2) Developing countries face new barriers totrade 发展中国家面临新的贸易壁垒,4) Agricultural trade农产品贸易,3) Agriculture: sharp increase in the
2、price ofcereals 农业：谷物价格急剧上涨,Background Introduction,Agriculture is the largest industry in the world and is one of the biggest threats to the environment. Inefficient food production and harmful agriculture subsidies（补贴） are causing deforestation(森林消失）, water shortages and pollution.,Background Intr
3、oduction,Today there are some 800 million people (18% of the population in the developing world) who do not have access to sufficient food to meet their needs (Pinstrup-Anderson and Pandya-Lorch 2000; Pinstrup-Anderson et al. 1999), primarily because of poverty and unemployment.,Background Introduct
4、ion,Malnutrition（营养不良） plays a significant role in half of the nearly 12 million deaths each year of children under five in developing countries (UNICEF 1998). In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micro-nutrients (especially vitamin A, iodine and iron) are widespread.,Background Introduction
5、,Furthermore, changes in the patterns of global climate and alterations in use of land will exacerbate（使恶化） the problems of regional production and demands for food. Dramatic advances are required in food production, distribution and access if we are going to address these needs.,Background Introduc
6、tion,Overall, agricultural productivity for the entire world is projected to decline from levels otherwise reached by between 3 and 16 percent by 2080s as a consequence of global warming. The damages would continue to deepen in the following century in the face of still greater warming.,Pre-reading
7、questions,What is Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)?,Pre-reading questions,What are the new trade barriers that developingcountries face?,European Union,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union#Member_states,The European Union is composed of 27independent sovereign (主权） countriesw
8、hich are known as member states: Austria,Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdo
9、m.,Developing Countries,发展中国家(Developing countries)是与发达国家相对的经济上比较落后的国家。又称不发达国家。通常指第三世界国家，包括亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲及其他地区的130多个国家，占世界陆地面积和总人口的70以上。主要的发展中国家：中国、印度、巴西、非洲各国（除南非以外）、亚洲（除日本与新加坡以外）、东欧、拉丁美洲各国。,Least Developed Countries (LDCs),Up to 2003,there have been 50 LDCs in the world.,(For more information, visit th
10、e following website: http:/www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/ldc%20criteria.htm),2003年，有50个国家被联合国确定为“最不发达国家”。用来定出现有这份最不发达国家名单的标准是： a. 低收入， 以人均国内生产总值衡量; b. 人力资源薄弱，以基于出生时预期寿命、人均卡路里摄入量、中小学综合入学率以及成人文化水平等指标的综合指数（物质生活质量强化指数）衡量； c. 经济多样化程度低，以基于制造业在国内生产总值中所占份额、劳动力在工业中所占份额、商业能源人均年消耗量以及贸发会议商品出口富集指数的综合指数（经济多样化
11、指数）衡量。,最不发达国家名单,到目前为止，全世界共有50个最不发达国家，按联合国批准时间顺序排列如下： 非洲：（34个） 贝宁、布基纳法索、布隆迪、乍得、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚、莱索托、马拉维、马里、尼日尔、卢旺达、索马里、苏丹、乌干达、坦桑尼亚、中非、冈比亚、佛得角、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、吉布堤、赤道几内亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞拉利昂、多哥、毛里塔尼亚、莫桑比克、利比里亚、马达加斯加、扎伊尔、赞比亚、安哥拉、厄立特里亚、塞内加尔 亚洲：（10个） 阿富汗、不丹、老挝、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、也门、孟加拉国、缅甸、柬埔寨、东帝汶 大洋洲：（5个） 西萨摩亚、瓦努阿图、图瓦卢、基里巴斯、所罗门群岛 美洲：
12、（1个） 海地,Vocabulary,1.venture 2. multiply3. de facto4. mandatory 5. procedure,the basic structure or features of a system or organization2. increase in number or quantity3.(Latin) existing in actual fact ,whether rightly or not4. required by law; compulsory5. order or way of doing things,Vocabulary,6
13、.traceability7. terrorism8. rejection9.infrastructure10. inadequate,6. way to follow or discover sth. by finding and noticing marks 7.use of violence and threats of violence8.refusing to accept (sb/sth)9.project or undertaking esp a commercial one where there is a risk of failure10.not sufficient or
14、 enough,Fill in the blanks,Fill in the blanks,Discussion,What do you think of the challenges for developing countries?,Pre-reading question,Do you know the main reasons which have caused the world-wide high prices of cereals recently?,Background Introduction,International trade in foodstuffs is incr
15、easing much faster than food production.A further threat to the poor lies in the expansion in developing countries of crops being grown for fuel, mostly to power vehicles in Western countries.,Background Introduction,Crops for fuel could be grown on land which at present grows food for people. They
16、could also contribute to a degraded environment, including a worsening of global warming. Biofuel programmes could result “in a concentration of ownership that could drive the worlds poorest farmers off their land and into deeper poverty“ says a UN report.,(See John Vidal, Global rush to energy crop
17、s threatens to bring food shortages and increase poverty, says UN. The Guardian, 9 May 2007),Vocabulary,农产品,以名义价值,粮食价格,由 引起的,收成欠佳,Vocabulary,需求增加,减速,不包括产业内贸易,原料,Discussion,Give the correct orders for the world export of agricultural products in 2006.,Pre-reading questions,Two change trends can be id
18、entified from thefollowing passage. What are they?,Vocabulary,tenfold,surplus,pronounced,livestock,nominal,Comprehension,In the second line of this passage, the phrase total merchandise trade refers to trade that includes A. all agricultural products but not industrial products. B. also machines and
19、 office equipments. C. agricultural products and industrial products plus services. D. all industrial products but not agricultural products.,Comprehension,In the second paragraph, the phrase over this period refers to a period that covers most likely A. from 1965-1975B. from 1965-1985C. from 1960s-
20、1990sD. from 1960s-2000s,Comprehension,The passage indicates that Brazil is aA. developing country and it exports more agricultural commodities than it imports B. developed country and it exports more agricultural commodities than it imports C. developing country and it imports more agricultural com
21、modities than it exports D. least-developed country and it exports more agricultural commodities than it imports,Comprehension,The decline of the agricultural trade in cereal foodstuffs indicates A. that people in both developing and developed countries consume less wheat than before (A) B. that onl
22、y people in developed countries consume less wheat than before C. that only people in developing countries consume less wheat than before D. that only people in least-developed countries consume less wheat than before,Discussion,What could be the reasons that have caused the decline of agricultural trade in cereal foodstuffs?,Discussion,What could be the reasons that have brought about the reverse of the flow of the agricultural trade between developed countries and developing countries?,Thank you!,
