1、长句分析1Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.2. Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not percei
2、ved as a generation phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to todays young people, it naturally follows that todays English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.3We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and
3、finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.分析:主句的主干是 We found out,其后跟的是一个由 that 引导的宾语从句,是第一层从句,其主要结构是:patients were able to,两个并列的不定式充当表语;who 引导的定语从句修饰 patients,是第二层从句;注意词组 approach of 意为“的到来”4. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental pro
4、cess of appraisal and interpretation.分析：主句的主干是 This means that, that 引导一个宾语从句;based on 是 过去分词短语作状语,这里 fit 意为“适应,配合” 。5. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.分析：这是一
5、个并列复合句。第一个分句的主干是 we can have-,having made a choice within these limits 充当原因状语,是现在分词的完成形式;第二个分句的主干是 we tend to.apart from 引导状语,what 引导宾语从句;两个分句由表转折的连词 but 连接。6. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducemen
6、ts ( 刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.剖析: 此句比较复杂,主句为 the use of small monetary sparks creativity;句首 but 表转折,suggesting 引导的是结果状语从句, according 引导全句的状语。7.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students
7、 handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.【剖析:这是一个双重复合句,其主句是 the Delaware psychologist claims,在它前面是一个较长的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是 the use ofshows promise, in early grades 为时间状语, in whi
8、ch 引导非限定性定语从句修饰宾语从句的主语。8. on the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities. he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.分析：f 引导一个条件状语从句,主句为 he loses enthusiasm and desire;on the other hand 及 though 都是插入
9、成分;不定式 to find out.作定语,修饰 desire。9. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.分析：主句结构为 reading newspap
10、ers demands skills and self-awareness, for 引导介宾短语表原因。which引导非限定性定语从句对主句的主语加以进一步解释,是第一层从句;what 引导宾从句,是第二层从句;as 引导全句的时间状语。mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事” 。10. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means
11、promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities,. more women and more immigrants.剖析 主句主干为 corporate America understands,in looking at.and at是全句的方式状语,第一个 that 引导的是宾语从句作 understands 的宾语;第二个 that 引导的是定语从句修饰 policies,注意两个 at where 的介宾结构。11. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts
12、 from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defiance against the heat.分析:主句主干为 Thatch lasts.and is.,which 引导的定语从句修饰 thatch。12. So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they willcontinue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do forthemselves.剖
13、析:主句的主干是 they will continue to undertake to do,其正常语序是 undertake to do that for children which.。 so long as 引导的是条件状语从句,说明后文发生情况的条件。 which 引导的是定语从句,修饰that。13.The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system
14、 for teaching themselves to read.分析：主句的主干是 the function is to create,不定式 U 语 to create.作表语,that 引导定语从句修饰 the conditions and the climate。注意 make it possible to do sth.(使做某事成为可能)的句型,这里的 it 是形式宾语,to 后的部分才是真正的宾语。14. Mr. Rector and others argued that once “the habit of dependency is cracked“, then the co
15、untry can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.剖析主句的主干是 Mr. Rector and others argued.,argue 后接 that 引导的宾语从句,once 引导的是时间状语 M 句,注意 once(一旦)的用法,aimed at 是过去分词作定语修饰 changes。15. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home
16、 laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.剖析这是一个简单句,其主干是 Some uniforms are expensive to maintain, requiring是现在分词短语作状语,补充说明前一句的内容;possible with 是 laundering 的后置定语。16. Studies over a range of illness, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps peo
17、ple fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poorhealth more likely.剖析：主句的主干为 Studies reveal that,from depression to heart disease 是介词短语作同位语,说明illness 的类型,that 引导两个并列的从句作 reveal 的宾语。17. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecast
18、ing the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.分析：主句的主干是 Experts have studiedand have drawn up。forecasting为现在分词复合结构作伴随状语; in which 导的非限定性定语从句修饰 the year。18. Young athletes can, for example, barn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that w
19、ill be used throughout their lives.分析：句的主干为 Young athletes can learn-.。for example 为插入语;how 和后面并列的三个不定式充当 learn 的宾语,that 引导的定语从句修饰 skills。19.We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.分析：句子主干是 We can longer afford to,
20、. which 引导的定语从句是第一层从句 ,修饰 resource; as much as 引导的比较状语从句是第二层从句;we want 是省略 that 的定语从句,修饰 way,是第三层从句。20.Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordin
21、ate water supply.分析：主句的主干为 countries should set up authorities。rather than 引导的一个虚拟语气句,也是个惯用的比较句型,that 引导一个定语从句修饰 agencies。注意虚拟语气 rather than do sth,countries should 。21. Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but most saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the tra
22、il of the foxs smell which the dogs follow. (Para.4-)【剖析】这是一个并列复合句。句子的主干是 these incidents lead to violence,but saboteurs interfere with。but 连接两个分句,表转折;which 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰 smell; interfere with:干涉。by doing sth为介宾结构,作方式状语。22. Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common tha
23、t they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. (Para.5)分析：主句的主干是 Noisy confrontations have become.。sothat引导的是结果状语从句;as much as 引导比较结构,将 noisy confrontations 与 the pursuit of foxes 相比。23. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means
24、that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. (Para.l)分析：主句的主干是 a longer life span means.。Coupled with是过去分词短语作伴随状语;that 引导的是宾语 M 句作 means 的宾语。Be bound to :将要,趋于。24. Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74- mil
25、lion strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. 剖析主句的主干是 businessmen see huge opportunities。because 引导的是原因状语从句;74 million strong是 boomers 的同位语。25.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics (伦理
26、) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. (Para.2)分析：前一个 that 引导的是个同位语从句;says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago 是插入语;后一个 that 引导的是 hope 的宾语从句。26.With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bon
27、ds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self. 剖析句子的主干是 those bonds have been weakened. with 短语是主句的伴随状语 ,replaced 的小分句补充完整应为 and have been replaced by。27.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament ( 挽歌) for some nonexistent “ golden age“, Alsatian says, nor is it a wishfu
28、l ( 一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities.剖析句子的主干是 The desire is not a lament, nor is it a longing。Alsatian says 为插入语;注意 nor 后面用的是 is it-.的倒装结构,it 指的是 the desire; that 引导的定语从句修饰 a time。28. While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civ
29、ilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions whether scientific or artistic.分析：主句的主干为 it is true thatand that.。while 引导一个状语从句, 三个 that 分别引导三个主语从句;far removed from 做后置定语修 饰 fiel
30、ds;破折号后的内容进一步说明 contributions.29. Involvement in sports. in particular, rose almost 50% from1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time.分析： 句子主干是 involvement rose. in particular 为插入语，冒号后面的两个句子具体解释数目主干内容。30. For example, nearly every newspaper
31、 has a business section, in which the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily. 分析：主句的主干为 every newspaper has a business section. which 引导 一个非限定性定语从句说明section,注意从句中有三个主语成分: the deals and projects, finances and management, stock p
32、rices and labor problems of corporations。31. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders. 分析： slowly and in stage 作 taught 的状语,冒号引导 taught 这一动作的具休做法 ,其中 traditionally 作 we tell的状语 , we keep hi
33、dden from fifth graders 是省略先行词的定语从句。 32.Television passes information, and indiscriminately (不加区分地), to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. 分析：句子主干是 Television passes information to all viewers. and indiscriminately 是插入语做状语。be they children or adults 是倒装强调句，用于解释说明 viewers.33. We are free
34、act on our options only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.分析：句子主干是：We are free to act on our options only so long as we do not harm others. in doing so 做插入语，so long as 引导条件状语从句。34. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain
35、 that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory. 【剖析主句主干是 Researchers have established。第一个 that 引导的宾语从句是第一层从句,when引导的时间状语从句和第二个 that 引导定语从句是第二层从句;such as 表举例,作 cognitive areas 的同位语。35. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into
36、 old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.剖析主句主干是 someone will go into。with a history of doing more rather than less 作定语修饰someone; rather than 在此意为“ 而不是”,表否定。sound 在此作形容词用,意为“完好的,健全的”;who 引导的定语从句修饰第二个 someone。36. Responsible public health officials have pointed out
37、that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative ( 积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. 分析主句主干是 Responsible public health officials have pointed out.句中两个并列的 that 引导的宾语从句都是 pointed out 的宾语
38、;第二个宾语从句中的 received 属于过去分词作定语,修饰 exposures; depend on 意为“取决于,依赖于” 。37. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damagea person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed (
39、畸形的) children or even grandchildren. (Para.2)【剖析】主句的主干是 The trouble is, that 引导一个表语从句,破折号后的部分是对表语从句的解释说明,相当于一个同位语从句;and 表递进关系,其后的部分与 a person may-.maybe damaged 相对应; this 指代 radiation damage.38. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed t
40、hey could recognize their brand. (Para.4)剖析getting all four samples right 为现在分词作主语;but 表转折 ,we thought 为插入语,who 引导定语从句修饰 people.本句正常的结构可理解为 getting all four samples right was a tough test, but we thought that it was not too tough for people who believed they could recognize their brand.39. It is, ev
41、eryone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.分析这是一个并列复合句。主句的主干是 It is a huge task, and the fact challenges explanation。and 表示并列关系;every one agrees 为插入语;第一个 that 引导同位语句是第一层从句,对 a huge task
42、进行补充说明;when 引导的时间状语从句是第二层从句;第二个 that 引导的从句是 the fact 的同位语。challenge 在此意为“需要” 。40. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. (Para.3)分析：主句的主干是 It is ag
43、reed that.,and that.。两个 that 分别引导两个并列的主语从句;during the first few months 为时间状语,意为“在头几个月里”;sort.out as,意为“分出作为”; indicative of 意为“可表示的,预示的” 。41 Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have grown use
44、d to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure. .剖析】这是一个并列复合句。句子的主干是 numbers used to discourage us and cause us.,but we can be less sure。后一分句中 now that 引导让步关系从句,意为“既然” ;注意前后两个 used to 意义上的不同,前一个的结构为 used to do 是“过去常常做 ”的意思,而后一个 used to doing 是“习惯于”的意思42. As the intelligence of robots increas
45、es to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves.分析：主句的主干是 we may use them to expand our frontiers。两个 as 引导的原因状语从句,作为主句的状语;harmful 前省略了 which
46、are,是 environments 的定语;注意 ability to 的搭配。43. Psychologist George Silica and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to “think and concentrate“. 分析：主句的主干为 Psychologist George Silica and colleagues decided to., whe
47、ther 引导的宾语从句做 find out 的宾语,as many smokers say 是插入语。44. RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation(航空) industry, has recommended that all airlines ban(禁止) such devices from being used during “critical“ stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing. 分析：主句主干为 RTCA has recommended that,an o
48、rganization+ which 引导的定语从句作 RTCA 的同位语,对其进行补充说明;recommend 接的是 that 引导的宾语从句;注意 ban 前省略了 should,因为recommend 要用虚拟语气 ,其结构是 :recommend that sb. should do sth.。45. Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.
49、剖析主句的主干是 some scientists say。one might crash into Earth anddestroy life 是没有关联词的宾语从句,作 say 的宾语。unless 引导的是条件状语从句 ,意为“除非 ”;as 引导的是方式状语从句。46. Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical compositiona finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. 分析：主句主干为 some researchers think。they have the answer, and it为 think 的宾语从句。破折号后的 a finding进一步说明前面的宾语从句;that 引导一个定语从句 ,作 Finding 的定语。47.The researchers are already working with food companies keen
