1、五、形容词和副词形容词是用来修饰名词或不定代词,表示人或事物的属性、特征、性质或状态的词。副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。考情分析综合广州 4 年的中考真题试卷分析可知,形容词和副词的考查主要体现在单项选择、语法选择、完形填空和单词拼写中。其中,在单项选择和单词拼写中,形容词为考查重点。在完型填空中,形容词和副词均为考查重点。在语法选择中,形容词为考查次重点,副词非重点。考点主要涉及形容词、副词的词义辨析以及比较级的用法。语法点拨形容词考点一 形容词的分类1.名词变形容词名词 构成方法 意义 例词表示天气的名词加-y(sun 和 fog 要双写结
2、尾辅音字母)充满的;多的rainy、cloudy windy、snowysunny、foggy表示时间的名词 加-ly(day 要变 y为 i 再加-ly)每的 daily、weeklymonthly、yearly表示方位的名词 加-ern 方向的 eastern、westernnorthern、southern表示称谓的名词 加-ly 般的 friendly、 brotherly加-y 的 lucky、noisy加-ly 的 lovely、lively加-ful 的 useful、careful表示情感的名词加-less 没有的 homeless、careless表示物质的名词 加-en 由
3、制成的 golden、 woolen表示国家或洲的名词 加-n 的;人的 Asian、American2.由分词转化的形容词常用的由分词转化来的形容词主要有:interesting(有趣的) interested(感兴趣的);exciting(令人兴奋的) excited( 激动的)surprising(令人惊奇的) surprised( 惊奇的) ;tiring(令人疲倦的) tired(疲劳的)注意:此类形容词以-ing 结尾的常翻译为“使人的”或“令人的” ,用来修饰物;以-ed 结尾的常翻译为“感到的” ,用来修饰人,表明人所处的状态。【相约中考】(2012梅州 )The Old To
4、wn of Lijiang is with tourists for its beautiful old buildings.A.popular B.famous C.special D.different考点二 形容词的句法功能1.用作定语一般放在所修饰词的名词前面。当形容词修饰somebody,someone ,anybody,anyone,anything ,everything,nothing 等不定代词时,形容词一般后置。Do you have anything important to tell us? 你们有重要的事情要告诉我们吗?注意:多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词(冠
5、词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)+描绘词(大小,长短,形状,新旧,长幼,颜色)+出处+材料+类别+名词my beautiful orange woolen dress 我的漂亮的橘黄色羊毛衫2.用作表语 与系动词be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove ,seem ,look,keep ,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain 等连用,放在系动词的后面,构成系表结构。He looks happy today. 今天他看起来很高兴。注意:有少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语,如 alone,alive,afraid,alike,ashame
6、d ,drunk,well,sure ,unable 等。有少数形容词只能作定语,不能作表语,如 little,live(活的),elder,eldest 等。He is still alive. 他仍然活着。3.用作宾语补足语常与 make,leave,keep,find 等动词连用,应放在宾语之后表示宾语的性质、状态或身份等。He wants to make the window open. 他想让这个窗户开着。4.用作状语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。He went to bed, cold and hungry. 他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。5.用在某些固定词组中all of a sudde
7、n 突然 in general 总之 in short 简单地说【相约中考】(2012深圳 )It sounds that a truck hit two cars. Luckily, of three drivers was hurt.A.terribly; none B.terrible; none C.terrible; neither D.terribly; neither副词考点一 副词的分类根据副词表达的意义可将副词分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词和表示其他性质的副词。1.时间副词(1)表示什么时候now(nowadays)现在 then 然
8、后 today 今天 tonight 今晚 before 以前 recently 近来 lately 近来 just 刚才 once 以前 so far 到目前为止(2)表示频度always 总是 often 经常 usually 通常 frequently 常常 sometimes 有时 ever 曾经 seldom 很少 hardly 几乎不注意:表示频度的副词常位于谓语动词前,如果谓语动词包含情态动词或助动词,则副词位于第一个情态动词或助动词后。如:He always comes late. 他总是迟到。(3)表示其他already 已经 yet 还,仍 early 早 soon 不久
9、long 很久 since 自从2.地点副词here 这里 there 那里 up 向上 down 向下 away 离开 in 在里面 out 在外upstairs 在楼下 downstairs 在楼下 3.方式副词quickly 快地 happily 快乐地 loudly 大声地 suddenly 突然 luckily 幸运地4.程度副词much 多 rather 相当 greatly 非常 quite 十分 almost 几乎 exactly 精确地so 如此 even 甚至 enough 足够地5.疑问副词常用的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why 。它们是用来引导一个
10、特殊疑问句。How are you getting along with your studies? 你的学习情况怎么样?6.连接副词常用的连接副词有:how, when, where, why 。它们是用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语句的。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事是怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。请告诉我什么时候讨论我们的工作计划。7.关系副词常用的关系副词有:when, where, why。它们是用来引导定语从句的。Do you know the reason why he came late? 你知道他迟到的原因吗?注意:特殊形式
11、的副词1.兼有两种方式的副词有些副词有两种形式:一种是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-ly 构成。具有这两种不同形式的副词有些在意义上差异很大。如:close 意思是“近” ,closely 意思是“仔细地,亲密地” ;late 意思是“晚” ,lately 意思是“最近” ,相当于 recently;deep 表示空间深度,deeply 表示感情深度,意思是“深深地” ;high 表示空间高度,highly 表示程度,意思是“高度地” ;wide 表示空间宽度,widely 表示意思是“广泛地” 。He opened the door wide. 他敞开门。English is widely
12、 used in the world. 世界上英语被广泛地应用。2.同形的形容词和副词英语中有些词,其形容词形式和副词形式相同,如 fast(快 ),hard( 勤奋) ,far(远),straight(直,直接),early( 早),enough(足够),long(时间长),clean(干净的;彻底地)等。That is a very fast train. 那是一列很快的车。He runs very fast. 他跑得很快。【相约中考】(2012佛山 ) She prefers football because she thinks its _ among all sports. A.in
13、teresting B.more interesting C.the most interesting考点二 副词的句法功能副词在句中主要用作状语,修饰形容词、其他副词、动词或整个句子;有时副词也可以用作定语、表语、补足语。1.作状语用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。At the bottom of the ocean it is completely dark. (修饰形容词 )海底是完全黑暗无光的。Jim runs quickly to catch the bus. (修饰动词)吉姆很快地跑去追公交车。2.作表语I must be off now. 我现在得走了。Is anyone i
14、n? 里面有人吗?3.作定语有些地点副词可以用来作定语,如:above, below, here, there, nearby, ahead, home 等,这类副词作定语通常时后置。Life here is full of joy. 这里的生活充满欢乐。4.作宾语补足语Show him in. 把他领进来。Let me out. 让我出去。注意:副词的位置(1)一般副词作状语时,放在谓语动词之后。如果谓语动词后带有宾语,则放在宾语之后。The children are playing games happily. 孩子们在开心地玩着游戏。(2)频率副词作状语时放在 be 动词、助动词或情态动
15、词之后,行为动词之前。My mother is always be strict with us. 我的妈妈总是对我们很严格。(3)某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接,放在句子之前。Suddenly it rains. 突然下雨了。(4)enough 修饰形容词和副词时,要放在所修饰词之后。He got up early enough to catch the bus. 为了赶上公交车,他起得足够早。【相约中考】(2011深圳 )There is a smile on Miss Gaos. She must be with Sams work.I think so, No one did as _
16、as him in our class.A.angry; well B.pleasing; good C.strict; good D.pleased; well形容词和副词的比较等级考点一 形容词、副词比较等级的构成1.多数单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er,-est 构成形容词、副词的比较级和最高级构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级一般在词尾加-er,-est tall,hard taller,harder tallest,hardest以 e 结尾的词加 -r,-st nice,large nicer,larger nicest,largest以辅音字母加 y 结尾的词先把 y改为 i,再
17、加-er,-esteasyhappyearlyeasierhappierearliereasiesthappiestearliest重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbigthinhotbiggerthinnerhotterbiggestthinnesthottest2.其他双音节、多音节形容词和以后缀-ly 结尾的副词都可以在前面加 more 和 most 构成形容词、副词的比较级和最高级原级 比较级 最高级important more important most importantinteresting more interesting mos
18、t interestingquickly more quickly most quicklycarefully more carefully most carefully3.不规则变化的词的比较级和最高级原级 比较级 最高级good / well better bestMany/ much more most old older/elder oldest/oldestlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthestbad/ badly/ ill worse worstlate later/latter latest/last考点二 形
19、容词的比较等级1.形容词原级的用法as原级as.,表示“和一样” ,可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句中; so原级as.只用于否定句中。He is as tall as his father. 他和他的父亲一样高。This picture is not so good as that one. 这幅画不如那副好。2.形容词比较级的用法(1)表示两者进行比较,其结构为“A.+比较级+than+B ”。My bike is more beautiful than hers. 我的自行车比她的自行车更漂亮。(2)表示程度的副词 even,still,a bit/little,much ,a lot,fa
20、r,any,rather 等修饰时,用形容词比较级。Its even colder today. 今天甚至更冷了。(3)表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更”时,用句型“ which/who is+形容词比较级,A or B?”表示。Which is nearer to the sun, the moon or the earth? 哪个离太阳更近,月亮还是太阳?(4)表示“两者之间较的一个”时,常用“the+比较级” 。He is the thinner of the two. 他是两个中较瘦的那个。(5)表示“越越”时,常用“the比较级.,the比较级.” 。The more careful
21、you are, the fewer mistakes you will make. 你越细心,犯的错误就越少。(6)表示“越来越”时,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级 and比较级” ,多音节词和部分双音节词用“more and more+形容词原级” 。Its becoming colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷了。Our village has become more and more beautiful. 我们的村庄变得越来越美丽。3.形容词最高级的用法(1)表示三者或三者以上进行比较,形容词最高级前必须加定冠词 the,句末常跟一个 in/of 短语来表示范围。Thi
22、s picture is the best of all. 这幅画是所有的画中最好的。(2)表示三者或三者以上之间进行选择表示“哪一个最” 时,用句型“which/who is+the+形容词最高级,A,B or C?”表示。Who is the tallest, Tom, Kate or Bill? 汤姆,凯特,比尔,哪个最高?(3)表示“最的之一”时,常用“one of the+形容词最高级” ,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。Miss Xu is one of the most popular teachers in our school. 徐老师是这所学校中最受欢迎的老师之一。(4)形
23、容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最” 。She is the second tallest girl in our class. 她是我们班第二高的女生。(5)形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再加定冠词the。She is my best friend. 她是我最好的朋友。(6)形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。He is taller than any other boy in our class.=He is the tallest boy in our class. 他是我们班最高的男生。【相约中考】(2013佛山)The teacher i
24、s wise enough to explain the most difficult questions in way.A.simple B.simpler C.the simplest 考点三 副词的比较等级副词的比较级、最高级的用法和形容词的比较级、最高级的用法基本相同。需要注意的是:副词最高级前一般不加定冠词 the。Which do you like best? 你最喜欢哪一个?【相约中考】(2013佛山 ) People care a lot about food safety, for they want to eat _.A.health B.healthy C.healthi
25、ly 易错防范典例呈现一( )There was _ to weigh the elephant.A.nothing enough big B.big nothing enough C.nothing big enough D.big enough nothing【答案】C【易错剖析】由于对形容词和副词位置的用法掌握不到位,考生会误选 A 项。修饰不定代词的形容词或副词要后置,因此 big 和 enough 要放在 nothing 之后,但是 enough 在此作副词,修饰形容词或副词也要后置,所以 enough 要放在 big 之后。典例呈现二( )The boy who stands _
26、to me is my brother. A.near B.nearly C.close D.closely【答案】C【易错剖析】由于对词性和意义把握不准确或受思维定式影响,考生会误选 B 或 D 项。考生可能认为 close 为形容词, stand 为动词,修饰动词应该用副词 nearly 或 closely。而实际上四个选项均为副词,英语中有些副词兼具两种不同形式,且这两种不同形式在意义上差异很大。close意思是“近” ,closely 意思是“仔细地,亲密地” 。near 意思是 “近地” ,nearly 意思是“几乎,差不多” 。英语中没有 near to 这种用法,只有 close
27、 to“靠近” 。语块链接basketball match 篮球赛clap and shout excitedly 激动地欢呼尖叫beautiful old buildings 美丽且古老的建筑various methods 各种各样的方法make few mistakes 极少犯错get on with spoken English 英语口语进步很快the customs of the country 一个国家的风俗习惯the bad news 坏消息 the poor old one 破旧的那一个the magic show 魔术秀the whole class 整个班级the new k
28、ind of car 新车walk out of the classroom 走出教室all kinds of different ideas 各种各样不同的想法a great inventor 一位伟大的发明家 the new film 一部新电影times have changed 时代已经改变traffic reports 交通报告finish all these actions 完成这些动作push a button 按下按钮good news 好消息operating systems 操作系统巩固训练单选填空( )1.After practicing for several mont
29、hs, I can swim much _ now.A.slower B.slowest C.faster D.fastest( )2.What do you think of the NBA basketball match last night?It was _. I really enjoyed it.A.boring B.wonderful C.strange D.terrible( )3._ do you go to the English club?Once a week.A.How old B.How often C.How much D.How many( )4.They cl
30、apped and shouted _ when they saw the singer appear on the stage.A.hardly B.quietly C.excitedly D.angrily( )5.It is terrible. Its raining so _ that we can _ go out.A.hard; hardly B.hard; hard C.hardly; hard D.hardly; hardly( )6.Oxford University is _ with tourists for its beautiful old buildings.A.d
31、ifferent B.famous C.special D.popular( )7.Miss Zhang is satisfied with Helen because she has made _ mistakes than before.A.few B.fewer C.little D.less( )8.The food is delicious at this restaurant, but the service seems _.A.good B.well C.poor D.badly( )9.Believe your teacher. She has various methods to make you speak English _.A.clear B.clearer C.more clearly D.most clearly( )10.How is he getting on with his spoken English?Great. Now he can speak English _ his English teacher.A.as good as B.as better as C.as many as D.as well as