1、高等教育自学考试网上辅导 英语(一) 自考 365(--)语 法 虚拟语气虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)是谓语动词的一种形式,用来表示非真实的假设,或者用来表示命令、建议或说话人的主管愿望。本节课主要讲“3+10“,其中“3“指三大从句:名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句、状语从句。其中“10“指代十大短语(与单词)一、三大从句中的虚拟语气(一)非真实条件中的虚拟语气非真实条件就是违背事实情况的假设,包括违背现在事实的假设,违背过去事实的假设以及将来不可能发生或者虽有可能发生但说话人主观上不希望发生的假设。 条件从句 主句违背现在 过去式Should+动词原形
2、would违背过去 had+过去分词shouldhave+过去分词would违背将来 1)should+动词原形2)were+动词不定式should+动词原形would1.违背现在事实的假设如果不含虚拟,从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时。 For example:If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 如果明天下雨的话,我将待在家里。If 所引导的条件状语从句中出现虚拟语气的时候,通常从时间上来说无论是从句还是主语,其谓语动词在时间上均要比事实上提前一个时间段。2.违背过去事实的假设(时间上比事实上提前一个时间段)。3.可能违背将来事实的假设(时
3、间上比事实上提前一个时间段)。综合以上三种情况,从其谓语动词的变化可以看出,在 If 引导的条件状语从句中,出现动词,则谓语动词无论是条件从句还是主句,在时间上均要比事实上提前一个时间段。虚拟语气中主句中的第一人称用 should,第二、第三人称用 would。但在美国英语中,第一人称用 would。此外,主句中也可用情态动词 could 或 might 代替 should 或 would。在条件从句中,如果动词是 be,在违背现在事实时,各个人称均用 were。但在非正式文体中,特别是在口语中,第一、三人称单数用 was 的时候也不少。在违背将来事实的条件从句中,should + 动词原形及
4、 were + 不定式两种谓语动词形式适用于所有人称。举例说明:1.违背现在事实的假设For example 1:If the earth had no gravity, the moon would fly to the sun. 假如地球没有引力,月高等教育自学考试网上辅导 英语(一) 自考 365(--)球就要向太阳飞去。For example 2:If I were as young as you, I would design my future in a new fashion. 如果我和你一样年轻的话,那我就会以一种新的方式设计我的未来。2.违背过去事实的假设For exampl
5、e 3:If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. 我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。3.可能违背将来事实的假设For example 4:If it should rain tomorrow, what could we do? 如果明天下雨的话,我们做什么?象我们以上所讲的在状语从句中出现的虚拟语气,如果其句子中有助动词,如 “had、should、were“ 等,If 则可以省略,助动词提到句首,形成倒装。For example:If I had left earlier, I would have caught
6、 the train.如果不用 If:Had I left earlier, I would have caught the train.(二)其他从句中的虚拟语气1.主语从句在下列结构的主语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。It is necessary that (有必要,必须)It is imperative that (必须,是紧要的)It is important that (重要的是,是很重要的)It is essential that (必须,是必要的)It is advisable that (最好,是理想的)It is better that (最好)It is ordered t
7、hat (根据命令,人们要求)It is proposed that (人们建议)It is desired that (最好,需要)It is requested that (人们要求)It is suggested that (有人建议)It is recommended that (有人推荐)It is demanded that (根据要求)It is decided that (已经决定)It is arranged that (业已安排)一个句子中用不用虚拟语气,关键是看句子中所出现的谓语动词或者表语形容词。这个谓语动词或者表语形容词必须具有一种意味,就是表示建议、命令、要求、重要
8、性、紧迫性等的意味的时候,需要用虚拟语气。For example 1:It is necessary that he(should)be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去。高等教育自学考试网上辅导 英语(一) 自考 365(--)For example 2:It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time. 人们建议换一个时间开会。2.宾语从句在宾语从句中用不用虚拟语气:如果谓语动词用 suggest(建议),insist(坚持),recommend(推荐),order(命令),p
9、ropose(提议),require(要求),request(要求),command(命令),demand(要求),则用虚拟语气。For example 1:He requested that the manager give him an interview. 他要求经理给他面试的机会。For example 2:We insisted that Mr. Brown chair the meeting. 我们坚持要布朗先生主持会议。3.同位语从句和表语从句在下列名词后面的同位语从句和表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气:suggestion(建议),proposal(提议),order(命令),i
10、nstruction(指令、指示),advice(劝告),motion(提议)。For example 1:He gave the order that the results of the experiment(should)be rechecked. 他命令对那次实验结果重新核对。For example 2:I am in favor of his proposal that a special committee be set up to examine the problem. 我赞成他的提议,成立一个特别委员会研究这个问题。For example 3:The instruction
11、was that notes be taken on everything the babies did. 这个指令要求记录这些幼儿的全部活动。1.对于名词性从句是否用虚拟,需要具备的条件是:句子中对于主句和宾语从句而言,它的谓语动词、主句的核心动词是否具有建议、命令、要求或者重要性、紧迫性这样的意味,如果有,就用虚拟语气;对于表语从句和同位语从句,主句的核心名词如果有建议、命令、要求或者重要性、紧迫性的意味,其后面的从句也需要用虚拟语气;2.对于所有名词性从句中的虚拟语气,其谓语动词的形式都是 should + 动词原形,或者省略 should,直接用动词原形。3.判断一个名词性从句是否用虚
12、拟语气,可以从句子的意味中仔细体会,看一下这种情况是否现实,是否已经落实的情况,如果没有做,仅仅是一个命令或者假设,这种情况下用虚拟语气。二、十大短语与单词后的虚拟语气1.as if 和 as though 所引导的表语从句或者状语从句当中通常要使用虚拟语气。For example 1:He looks as if he was an artist. 他看上去好像是一个艺术家似的。For example 2:It looks as if it might rain/it could rain. 天看起来似乎要下雨似的。2.if only 所引导的感叹句中通常用虚拟。意思是“但愿“;“要是就好了
13、“。For example 1:If only I had more time to think about it. 如果我有更多的时间思考就好了。For example 2:If only he had taken my advise years ago. 高等教育自学考试网上辅导 英语(一) 自考 365(--)如果几年前他听了我的建议就好了。3.would rather/sooner 意思是“宁愿“,当其后面有 that 从句的时候,that 从句通常要用虚拟。For example 1:I would rather you came tomorrow. 我更愿意你明天来。For exa
14、mple 2:I would rather / sooner you had gone there too. 我更愿意你当时也去了那里。4.lest/for fear that/in case 引导的从句需要用虚拟语气。意思是“唯恐“,“免得“,“以防“。For example:He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain. 他随身带了把伞,以防下雨。5.but for 引导的是短语,意思是“假如某事没有发生,或者不存在,就”。For example:We would have been in trouble but for your
15、 help. 如果没有你的帮助,我们就会陷入麻烦中去。6.but that + 从句;For example:But that you helped him, He would have filed. 如果你当时没有帮助他的话,他就会失败。7.with 用在句子中,也会导致句子用虚拟语气。For example:With the teachers help you could make greater progress. 有了老师的帮助,你就能取得更大的进步。8.without = If not For example:We would never have got there without
16、 the guide. 如果没有导游的话,我们永远不可能到达哪里。9.otherwise/or,其引出的句子根据情况用陈述或者虚拟语气。意思是“否则“。For example:I took a taxi otherwise I would have been late for class. 当时我打出租去了教室,否则我就迟到了。10.wish: 在 wish 后的宾语从句中,也会用虚拟。For example 1:I wish I could fly to the moon someday. 我希望有一天我能飞到月球上去。Hurry up, or you will be late.For ex
17、ample 2:hurry up!or you will are late. 快点!否则就要迟到了。三、Grammar Exercised.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1.He C a happier life if he were living alone.A.would have livedB.livedC.could live高等教育自学考试网上辅导 英语(一) 自考 365(--)D.can live2.We often hear old people wishing they B young again.A.areB
18、.wereC.had beenD.will be3.I suggested that the meeting B at the managers office.A.holdB.be heldC.is heldD.is to be held4.I wish I C to the movie with you last night.A.wentB.could goC.can have goneD.is to be held5.I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I A there.A.had beenB.wereC.would beD.would have
19、 been6.If the policemen had arrived a little earlier, they D the accident.A.sawB.could sawC.had seenD.would have seen7.If I A in your place, I wouldnt trouble him.A.wereB.had beenC.could beD.was to be8.Experiments demand that accurate measurements A.A.be made高等教育自学考试网上辅导 英语(一) 自考 365(--)B.is madeC.w
20、ere to makeD.should make9.It is imperative that the students A writing their papers before July 1st.A.finishB.must finishC.are to finishD.will finish10.If you had spoken more clearly you D.A.understoodB.would understandC.would have understoodD.would have been understood四、Summary1.核心词汇:feature、attempt、calculate、interfere、reliance、devise、converse、load、motionless.2.短语方面:be far from、in accordance with、be certain of、to bring about。3.结构方面: 首先复习巩固了名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。要理解分析。 get + 名词 + 形容词或分词, get 是使让动词,这个句式结构的意思是“把怎么样了“或者是“使怎么样了“。 only + 状语所引导的句子,后面的主句需要用部分倒装结构。 虚拟语气。