1、简单句的五种基本结构众所周知，英语在进行交流时离不开句子，用句子表达时离不开一定的规则：有了一定的规则，我们才能学到规范的英语，才能讲出地道的英语；有了规范化的语句，才能产生新的句子；只有规则系统化、规范化，才有助于语言知识的吸收、掌握和信息的分析、理解。所以，学好初中所学过的简单句的五种基本结构，对于提高自己的听、说、读、写、译能力至关重要。 一、简单句常见的五种基本结构 1.主谓 2.主系表 3.主谓宾 4.主谓间宾直宾 5.主谓宾宾补 二、对于各个基本结构，初中要求掌握的知识有： 1.主谓 例如：I went to school at 7：00. 主 谓 状 这一结构中的动词为不及物动词
2、，其后没有宾语。 2.主系表 例如：The food smells delicious. 主 系 表 1）常见的连系动词： a.be； b.look，sound，smell，taste，feel，seem 等；（要用主动表被动） c.become，get，turn，grow，fall 等； d.keep，stay 等。 2）只能作表语的形容词：alone，asleep， afraid，alive，ill 等。 3）look 与 seem 的区别 a.look 是“貌似”之意，指凭视觉作出判断； b.seem 是“似乎”“好像”之意，表示根据一定线索对某事物作出判断； c.look like 不
3、能换为 seem like； d.seem 可接不定式，且可转换为 It seemsseemed that.。结构，而 look 不能。 3.主谓宾 例如：He hopes to fly to the moon. 主 谓 宾 1）只能用不定式作宾语的常见动词： want，hope，wish，would like，decide，agree，ask， cant wait 等； 2）只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词： mind，enjoy，keep，finish，cant help 等； 3）既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且有区别的常见动词： a.remember to do.。记住要做（还未做） r
4、emember doing.。记得做了（已做过） b.forget to do.。忘了做（还未做） forget doing.。忘了做过（已做过） c.stop to do.。停下来去做 stop doing.。停止做 d.go on to do.。接下来去做 go on doing.。继续做 e.try to do.。尽力做 try doing.。试着做（看有无结果） f. mean to do 。打算做 mean doing。意味着g. lean to do。学着做 learn doing。学会了做4）既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且无区别的常见动词：begin，start，like，l
5、ove， hate等。 4.主谓间宾直宾 例如：He gave me a pen. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 1）这种结构也可将间宾放到直宾之后，但间宾前需加介词 to（对象）或 for（目的）； 例如：They lent the bike to the boy. 主 谓 直宾 间宾 2）需在间宾前加 to 的常见动词有：give，show，send，bring，pass，lend，tell，teach 等；3）需在间宾前加 for 的常见动词有：make，buy，do，cook，sing，find 等； 4）最好用主谓直宾间宾结构的情况： a.当直接宾语是人称代词时： 例如：Ill send it
6、 to you. 直宾 间宾 b.当直宾比间宾短时： 例如：Well sing some songs for the friend from a foreign country. 直 宾 间 宾 5.主谓宾宾补 例如：The boy wished his father to buy a bike for him. 主 谓 宾 宾补 1）带 to 的不定式作宾补； 例如：She asked me to call him again. 很多动词后面都可以有这种宾补。初中教材常见的这类动词有：ask，tell，want，wish， would like，like，hate 等。 注：hope 后不能
7、接复合宾语。 2）不带 to 的不定式作宾补； 例如：We often hear the girl sing the song. 能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let，feel，notice，help，make，have，listen to，hear，see，watch，look at， observe. 注： 如果这种结构变为被动语态，不定式就必然带 to. help 后的不定式可以带 to 也可不带 to. 3）分词作宾补； 例如：He heard somebody knocking on the window. 现在分词作宾补表示主动，且动作正在进行，过去分词作宾
8、补表示被动，或动作已完成，也可以表示请别人做某事。能带分词作宾补的常见动词为感官动词：see，hear，notice， watch，feel 及find，get，have（这三个动词为使役动词）等。 注：在感官动词后，既可用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可用不带 to 的不定式构成复合宾语。现在分词表示动作正在发生，即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束，如例 a；用不定式表示动作已发生了，即动作的全部过程已结束，如例 b.如： a.He saw a girl getting on the bus.（意为上车的动作正在进行。） b.He saw a girl get on the bus.（意为女孩上车的动
9、作已经结束了。） 4）名词作宾补； 例如：We must keep it a secret. 这类复合宾语只有在有限的一些动词后使用，常见的动词有：name，call，make，elect， think，find，leave 等。 5）形容词作宾补。 例如：You should keep the room clean. 常见的能跟这种复合宾语的动词有： make，keep，find，want，wish，like，see，think，believe，leave 等。 注：4），5）类复合宾语中有时宾语不是一个名词或代词，而是一个从句、不定式或动名词，这时通常要用一个 it 来代替它（即形式宾语）
10、，则把从句、不定式或动名词放到句子后部去。 例如： They found it strange that no one would take the money. You will feel it a great pleasure talking to her. 三、巩固练习： 同义句转换 1.It seems that he will give us a talk tomorrow. He _ _ be giving us a talk tomorrow. 2.I thought I hadnt covered the basket. I had _ _ the basket. 3.If t
11、he rain stops，well have a picnic. If it _ _ ，well have a picnic. 4.The teacher was listened to by them singing a song. They listened _ the teacher _ a song. 5.Ill ask somebody to cut my hair. Ill _ my hair _ . 仿写练习1. 你赢了。2. 他失败了。3. 很多小朋友在哭。 4. 会议已经开始了。5. 我明天回来。6. 我昨天 5 点在学习。7. 他一整天都在学习。强化训练时态填空1. My
12、 car (break) down this morning. 2. Many changes (take place) in these two years.3. Maybe he (give up) in the end.4. The girl (get) up at 6:00 every day.5. They (dance) on the playground now.6. It (rain) heavily outside at that moment yesterday.否定句对于动词的否定有两种：有助动词 have/has/had, will 或情态动词或 be 后面加 not；
13、没有助动词的情况下则要在实义动词前加助动词 do/does/did 的相应形式，然后再加 not。1.He comes. He doesnt come. I get up at six. I dont get up at six.They work in the morning. They dont work in the morning.2.He left. He didnt leave. They left. They didnt leave.3.He is working . He isnt working. I am working. I am not working. They ar
14、e working. They are not working.4.He was working. He wasnt working.They were working .They were not working.5.He has been to Greece before. He hasnt been to Greece before.或 He has never been to Greece before.They have been to Greece before. They havent been to Greece before.或 They have never been to
15、 Greece before.6.He had left. He hadnt left. They had left. They hadnt left.7.He will come. He will not come. They will come. They will not come.仿写练习将下列句子改为否定句1. He is studying in the classroom.2. Tom went to Guangzhou last weekend.3. The sun was shining just now.4. She lives in Beijing.5. I am goin
16、g abroad next year.6. They have waited for the bus in the street for an hour. II. 完成句子1. 他来这接女儿。(pick up)2. 母亲节是在 5 月的第二个星期天。(fall on)3. 可怕的海啸终于停了。(stop, tsunami)4. 我今年暑假要去北京。5. 他们从没去过夏威夷。(Hawaii)6. 我上次的英语考试不及格。(fail to do sth./fail in sth.)7. 我正在努力改掉睡懒觉的坏毛病。(break the habit of)8. 这个地区在过去的两年中，失业率从 6
17、%降到了 5%。(unemployment rate, in the past two years)例句展示一He is director of our department.Her hobby is to play basketball.仿写练习1. 我现在是一个中学生，明年就是大学生了。2. 他的梦想是成为一名出色的工程师。例句展示二It is becoming colder and colder. The food has gone bad.仿写练习1. 他变得越来越有自信了。2. 污染问题日渐严峻。3. 他的梦想实现了。例句展示三The food tasted good. She lo
18、oked sad after hearing the news. He looked sadly at the picture.仿写练习1. 他的话听起来很有道理。2. 看了这篇报道，他感到非常震惊。例句展示四She remains loyal to her father despite his cruelty towards her.I hope the weather will stay fine for some more days.仿写练习1. 尽管他很累,但仍然保持清醒。2. 我希望大家可以安静几分钟。例句展示五He seemed to have caught cold.When F
19、ather came in，Tom seemed to be eating something.He proved (to be) right. / The experiment turned out (to be) successful.仿写练习1. 他的想法似乎很奇怪。(seem)2. 听到这个消息他似乎很沮丧。3. 他的建议证实是很实用的。4. 大家的努力有很大帮助。例句展示六She felt as if her head were splitting.It appeared that he was talking to himself.仿写练习1. 好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。2. 看
20、样子天要下雪了。(as if)3. 看得出他憎恨被骗。(appear)4. 他似乎对自己所做的事情感到很惭愧。强化训练I. 选择填空1. What he said sounds .A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully2. We dont care if a hunting dog smells , but we really dont want him to smell .A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad3. What you have said .A.
21、is sounded interesting B. sounds interestingC. sound interested D. listens interested4. The dog lost yesterday.A. got B. became C. turned D. fall5. The old man must have mad.A. gone B. turned C. fallen D. drivenII. 改错1. The apple is tasted good.2. He has become a teacher for two years.3. He got angr
22、y until his child came back home.4. The store remains opened.5. What you have said is sounded interesting?6. Im afraid you cant have time to get changing before the party.III. 用括号中所给的词改写句子1. She seemed not to understand why Laura was there. (as if)2. Many people do the same. (so it is.)IV. 完成句子1. 我们
23、的生活越来越好。2. 你的手很凉。(feel)3. 这个建议听起来很合理。(sound)4. 她的工作是照顾孩子。5. 恐怕天还要再热几天。6. 她停下来，一丝不动地站着。(still)7. 猪肉放在冰箱里可以保鲜几天。(stay)8.我的老师身体不好。(be good in health)9.他看起来比我年轻，因为他一直保持乐观的心态。10. Cleaning women in big cities usually get (pay) by the hour.11. All the passengers on board are asked to remain (seat) as the p
24、lane was making a landing.12. The new shirt (not feel) right.13. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains (see) whether they will enjoy it.14. Peter 被证明是一个非常有趣的导游。On the long journey, 15. 尽管这只是一个群众运动，但人们却在用自己的方式来保护我们的地球。16. 这个数字保持不变，说明阅读仍然是人们获得知识和信息的一种重要手段。.17. 应聘者身高
25、不低于 160cm,年龄不超过 18 岁。三主谓宾及其相关关系实例展示一Tom visits his grandmother every two weeks.He never watches TV on weekdays.Jack left Mary a message.He offered some help to the children in the disaster areas.They robbed the old man of his money.They ordered some food for the two of them.仿写练习1. 他每天都在一个小时内完成作业。2.
26、这个老人喜欢住在乡下。(enjoy)3. 我弟弟从来都不对父母撒谎。(tell lies to)4. 这会节省你很多时间。(save)5. 下周我爸爸将给我买一台新电脑。(buy sb. sth.)6. 他已经警告了我前面有危险。(warn sb. of sth.)7. 我有每天读书的习惯。(have the habit of)8. 父母为这个小女孩准备好了一切。实例展示二We elected Lee our monitor.The news made us sad.I found myself in the dark (全然不知 ). I heard my name called.I am
27、very busy and have no time to rest.仿写练习1. 我们都认为李老师是一位很好的老师。(consider)2. 这噪音快要使我发疯了。(drive sb. crazy)3. 每天散步半小时可以帮助我们保持活力。(keep energetic)4. 我们必须保持身体健康。(in good condition/health)5. 洗手之后别让水一直流。(leave sth. doing.)6. 高三时，我每天都有做不完的作业。(endless)实例展示三Our teacher makes it a rule to do the dictation in the mo
28、rning.I found it very pleasant to be with your family.She thinks it no point practicing so much.仿写练习1. 学校定了一条规则，我们每天早读后要跑步。(make it a rule to，morning reading)2. 我相信，每天写五个句子对英语学习一定有用。(believe it useful to do)3. 我认为，政府采取一定的措施是很有必要的。(think it necessary+从句)4. 我觉得，保护环境是我们每个人的责任。(feel it ones duty)5. 他没有说
29、明白会议什么时间在哪举行。(make it clear+从句)6. 政府官员明确表示，他们会尽一切可能来解决这个问题。(make it clear+从句, do everything possible to)总结规纳后面接 to do 或 sb. to do 的动词有：attempt ，dare，decide，desire，like, love, hate, expect， hope，intend，learn，need，offer ，afford，pretend ，promise ，refuse ，want，wish，ask ，beg，cause ，choose，encourage， forc
30、e，get，invite，order ，permit，persuade，request，tell ，warn 等allow/advise/require/permit/forbid sb. to do sth.; allow/advise/require/forbid/permit doing sth.; would like to do sth.make/let/help +do sth.后面接 sb./ sth.+ do/ doing/ done 的动词有：see， watch，notice ，observe，catch，look at，hear，listen to，feel 等+sb./
31、 sth.+ do/doing/doneget，have+sb./ sth.+doing/done; get sb./ sth. to do; have sb./sth.+do;.do.but/except do sth.；.but/except to do sth.后面接 v-ing 作宾语的动词有：admit， advise，appreciate，avoid，ban ，mind，delay，enjoy，excuse ，finish，forbid，imagine，consider ，miss，practise，risk ，spend，suggest，escape，give up，cant s
32、tand，cant help，look forward to，be used to，be accustomed to，put off，feel like，spend time doing.，have trouble/difficulty/a hard time (in) doing sth.，pay attention to，contribute to，devote to，get down to，be fond of，be (well) worth， prevent/stop/keep sb./ sth. from doing sth. 接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词有：ask, consi
33、der, decide, discover, explain, find out，forget，guess，know，learn，remember，see，settle，tell，think，understand, wonder 等强化训练I. 改错1. He refused helping him.2. I want you tell me the truth.3. We must make our school beautifully.4. He has his hair be cut once a month.5. I believe it no use to talk with tha
34、t man. 完成句子1. 他请我们参加做游戏。(ask.to do sth.)2. 她微笑着表示谢意。(express. with)3. 他从不介意被别人误解。(mind doing sth.)4. 他总是不能理解我的意思。(fail to do sth.)5. 我们浪费不起时间。(cant afford to do)6. 我们必须在这个周末前把所借的书都还给图书馆。(return.to; by)7. 父母为了孩子，什么都愿意做。(would like to do/be willing to do.for.)8. 我们应该尽一切可能来保护环境。(do everything sb. can.t
35、o do.)9. 他们感到汽车行驶得很快。(feel.doing.)10. 我明天找人来修一下电脑。(have.done.)11. 很多人都认为学英语是很容易的事。(a large number of, think it easy to do.)12. 我相信，每天读读报纸是很有用的。(believe it useful to do.)13. 我觉得，学生每天大量做题却不理解这些题目是没有意义的。(think it no point doing., quantities of)14. 我给自己定了一个规则，每天写一篇作文来提高自己的英语水平。(make it a rule, aiming to do.)
