1、非谓语动词（一）动词定不式不定式的形式：（to）+do ，具有名词，形容词，副词的特征。否定式：not + (to) do动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，即不受主语的人称和单复数的限定和影响，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的语法功能：1 作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分钟内完成这项工作是很困难的。To lose your heart 失 means failure.失去信心就意味着败。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，然后将不定式置于句末。例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to fini
2、sh the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.2 作表语，表示主语的“职业，职责或性质”等：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作就是打扫大厅。He seems to know everything about this thing.他似乎对这件事情什么都知道。3 作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, ask, (would)like, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help,
3、agree, promise, (would)prefer。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。He found it important to study English.他发现学习英语很重要。动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。I have no choice but to stay here.除了呆在这儿我没有别的选择。He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.上周日他除了修他的自行车外什么也没做。4 作宾语补足语，用以说明宾语的性质，身份，特征和行为等情况：以下动词常跟动词
4、不定式充当宾语补足语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call, wait for, invite.I told Jeff to give up his bad habits,but he wouldnt listen.我告诉杰夫让他改掉坏习惯，但他不听。5 作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A. 动宾关系：I have some friends to invite. 我要邀几个朋友。用法点津：不定式为
5、不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点，工具等，应有必要的介词。He found a good house to live in .他发现一个可以住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 孩子没有什么可担心的。如果不定式修饰 time, place, way, 可以省略介词：He has no place to live.他没有地方住。This is the best way to work out this problem.这是算出这道题最好的方法。A. 说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the wo
6、rk.我们有一个完成这项工作的计划。B. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get there. 他是第一个到那的。二、作状语：A表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他日夜工作来赚钱。B表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.他到迟了结果发现火车开走了。常用 only 放在不定式前表示强调：Nell went away only to leave his two children by themselves.内尔走了，结果只留下两个孩子。C表原因，这种原因状语往
7、往跟在表示“高兴，愉快，生气，荣耀，遗憾”等形容词之后，说明之所以产生这些情绪的原因：They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。D表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything. 天太黑了，我们什么也看不见。The question is simple for him to answer.这个问题对他来说太容易回答了。三、作独立成分：To tell you the truth ,we dont want to have you.实话告诉你吧，我们不想和你在一起。四、不定式的并列，第二个不定式可省略 to:H
8、e wished to study medicine and become a doctor.他想学医并成为一名医生。不带 to 的不定式1. 使役动词 let(让),make(使),have(使) 等；感官动词see（看见） ，hear（听见） ，feel（感到） ，watch（观看） ，notice（注意到） ，look at（看） ，listen to（听）等跟不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。但改为被动语态时，不定式前应加上 to 。如：They heard her sing in the next room.他们听见她在隔壁的诚心房间唱歌。She was heard to sing
9、in the next room。 （被动句）help 后面的不定式作宾语补足语，可以带 to 也可不带to。如：She helped her parents (to) clean the house. 她帮助父母打扫房屋。2. 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有 do 时，后面的 to 省略。What he did was lose the game. 他所做的就是输掉了比赛。3. 句中含有动词 do 时,but,except,beside,such as 等后面 to可省略。如：Dont do anything silly,such as marry him.不要做任何的蠢事了，比如说和
10、他结婚。4. 句中含有不定式，后面有 rather than,rather than 后面省略 to。如：Id prefer to stay here rather than go there.我宁愿呆在这儿也不愿意去那儿。动词不定式与疑问词的连用不定式可以和疑问代词 who, what, which, 及疑问副词when, how, where 连用，构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语，宾语，表语等成分。1. 作主语What to do is a big problem. 做什么是个大问题。2. 作宾语I know how to use the computer. 我知道如何使用计算机。3. 作
11、宾语补足语Liu Di asked her when to start. 柳迪问她什么时候开始。4.作表语The question is how to get there. 问题是如何到达那儿。注意：“疑问词+不定式”作宾语和宾语补足语时，常与下列动词连用：know, show, teacher, tell, find out, learn, decide, forget 等。有时候疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。五不定式的常用句型1Its time to do sth=Its time for sth “是做的时候了”
12、2Theres no (time) to do sth 没有（时间）做某事3It takes sb. some time (money) to do sth 某人花费多少时间（金钱）做某事4Be+形容词+enough+to do sth 足够做某事5Be+too+形容词+to do sth 太不能做某事6be ready +to do sth 乐意做某事7Its + 形容词+for sb.+to do sth8be afraid to do sth 不敢做某事9prefer to do sth. rather than do sth 宁愿也不愿10would like to do sth/wo
13、uld love to do sth. 常用于口语中，表示“喜欢”11had better do sth （不带的不定式） “最好”12Will/Would you please (not) do sth ? 请你（不要）做好吗？Exercises：1. We are often told _ at people in trouble.A.not to smile B.to smile C. not to laugh D.to laugh2. Would you please _ the window? Its too cold outside.A.open B.opening C.not o
14、pen D.not to open3. She prefers to offer more money for a better TV set _ less for this one.A.rather than pay B.to pay C.not to pay D.to paying4. My grandfather wants _ around the world because he enjoys _ new places.A.traveling; seeing B.to travel; to see C.to travel; seeing D.traveling; to see5. M
15、y watch is broken. I want to know how to make it _ .A.work B.to work C.walk D.to walk6. On her way home Lucy saw a thief _ in a shop. She stopped _ 110 at once.A.steal; call B.to steal, call C.stealing, to call D.stealing ,calling7. The teacher told Lucy _ too much time _ computer games.A.not to spe
16、nd, in B.to not spend ,on C.didnt spend, playing D.not to spend,playing8. The girls were asked _ go out at night.A.to not to B.not C.not to D.do not9. Jack is very funny.He always makes us _ .A.laugh B.laughing C.to laugh D.laughs10. The headmaster told us _ at the Science Museum on timeA.arrive B.a
17、rrives C.to arrive D.arriving11. Look out! The traffic is moving fast. Its _ dangerous _ cross the street.A.very,to B.so,to C.much, to D. too , to12. Ive made it possible for my computers _ the same programs by means of networking.A.to share B. share C. shared D.shares13. -Shopping with me? -Sorry,
18、I have a lot of clothes_ A.to wash B.washed C. wash D.to be washed14. Could you show us _ a bike?A.how to mend B.what to buy C.where to go D.how many to buy15. Lucy should do her homework now. But she doesnt feel like _ it.A.does B.do C.doing D.to do16. The students are always _ English or Chinese e
19、very morning on weekdays.A.kept reading B. keeping reading C.kept to read D.keeping to read17. The river smells terrible. People must_ dirty things into it.A.be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwingC.stop to throw D. stop from throwing18. He found it hard _ his class.A.to catch up B.catch up
20、with C.catch up D.to catch up with19. Would you mind _ the window, please? Its cold outside.A.to close B.closing C.closed D.close20. Youd better _ upstairs and tell the children _ make so much noise.A.go, not to B.go, dont C.to go,not to D.to go , dont动词的-ing 形式及语法功能1. 动词的-ing 形式动词-ing 形式是英语中较多的形式之一
21、,它是动词原形+ing 构成的。它既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的一些特征.在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。否定式：not+动词的-ing 形式2动词的-ing 形式的语法功能：作主语，往往说明事物的普遍性、广泛性：Reading aloud is very helpful. 大声朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动词的-ing 形式短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。用法点津：不定式和动词的-ing
22、形式作主语的区别。不定式更强调具体性,往往有明确的时间，而动词的-ing 形式是一种泛指.一种体验,不是明确的发生在过去.现在或将来的动作,更具有普遍性。Reading is really fun. 读书真有趣。To read such a story is hard. 读这样一个故事真是难。作表语,用以说明事物的身份.性质等,此时和不定式的用法相同：What he likes is playing football after class。他所喜欢的事就是课后踢足球。作宾语：Do you enjoy listening to pop music？ 你喜欢听流行音乐吗？We are think
23、ing of making a new plan.我们正考虑制定一个新计划。I am now busy sending postcards. 我现在正忙于邮寄贺年卡。注意动词的-ing 形式既可以作动词宾语也作介词和形容词的宾语，如上面三个例句。此外，动词的-ing形式作宾语是时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语 it，如；We found it no good making fun of others。 我们发现取笑他人不好。用法点津：如下动词及短语只跟动词-ing 形式作宾语：enjoy、finish、suggest、avoid（避免）、excuse、delay、imagine、keep、
24、miss、consider、admit(承认)、deny(否认) 、mind、permit、forbid 、pratise、risk、appreciate、be busy、be worth、feel like、cant stand、cant help、think of、dream of、be fond of、prevent(from)、keepfrom、stop from、protectfrom、set about、be engaged in 、spend(in)、succesd in、be used to、look forward to、object to、pay attention to、
25、inside on、feel like.作定语，表示被修饰词的性质、身份、用途、正在进行的行为或状态等：The old man has to walk with a walking stick.这个老人只好借助拐杖走。This is an interesting story. 这是一个有趣的故事。The man waiting at the gate is asking to see you .在大门口等的那个人要见你。作宾语补足语，表明宾语的性质、状态或正在进行的行为：如下动词后可跟动词的-ing 形式作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, found, get, ke
26、ep, notice, observe, listen to,look at, leave, catch, discover 等。Can you hear her singing in the next room.你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。作状语，表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、目的等：（While）Woking in the factory，he was an advanced worker。在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人（表示时间）。Being a League member， he is al
27、ways helping others。由于是共青团员，他经常帮助别人。（表示原因）He stayed at home，cleaning and washing。他呆在家里，又擦又洗。（表伴随） （If）playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。（表条件）He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。（表结果）He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去讲话了。（目的）做让步状语：Though rai
28、ning heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。不定式与动词-ing 形式宾语的比较1在下列一些动词后面常跟动词-ing 作宾语，而不跟不定式：admit，appreciate，advice，allow，consider ，delay，dislike，enjoy ，escape ，excuse ，face ，feel like，finish，fancy ，forbid，imagine，include，keep，metion，mind，miss，practice ，resist ，risk，suggest 等。如：He practices
29、 speaking English everyday.他每天练习说英语。He admitted having broken the window.他承认打破了那扇窗子。I much appreciate your giving me the chance.我非常感激你给了我这个机会。2在下列一些动词后只跟不定式，不跟动词-ing 做宾语：want(想要) ,hope, expect(期望), wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand, offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend等。如：I am
30、 expecting to get a letter from my parents.我期待着父母的来信。We are planning to build another research center.我们正计划着建另一所研究中心。3在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词-ing 形式作宾语，意义不同。如：(1)I remember doing this exercisde before. 我记得前做过这个练习。Remember to post the book for me. 记住帮我把那本书寄走。辨析：remember doing 记得做过某事 (某事已做过）remember to do 记住
31、去做某事 (某事还没做）(2)We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.我们忘不了听杰克逊唱歌的情形。Dont foget to give my regards to them.别忘了代我向他们问好。辨析：forget doing 忘了做过的事 (某事已做过）forget to do 忘了去做某事 (某事还没做）（3）Ill try to improve my pronunciation.我会试着改善我的发音。Since no one answered the front door,why not try knocking at the bac
32、k door? 既然前门没人答应，为什么不试试后门呢？辨析：try to do 尽力去做某事try doing（用另外一种方式）试一试，试试看(4)I suggest we stop working and having a rese.我们停下来休息一会儿。They stopped to listen,but there was no more sound.他们停下来，听一听，再没什么声音。辨析：stop to do 停下（某事）去做(另一件)事。（表目的）stop doing 把(正在做的)某事停下来。（宾语）(5)What do you mean to do with your old b
33、icycle?打算如何处理你那辆旧自行车？I wont wait if it means delaying a week or so.如果这意味着要推迟一个星期左右, 那我就不等了。辨析：mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味着做某事4在 love，like ，hate，prefer 后面跟不定式和动词-ing 形式无多大区别，如：Do you like to eat an ice-cream? 你想吃冰淇淋吗？I like traveling very much. 我非常喜欢旅游。5.在 start,begin 后面，一般接不定式和动词-ing 形式无多大区别，在下列情况
34、下，一般用不定式：自然界变化：It started to rain.开始下雨了。Sonw started to melt as spring came.春天来了，雪开始融了。心理活动，在 understand,know,reaside 等词前面：I began to understand my mothers feelings.我开始理解母亲的感受了。begin,start 本身为现在进行时：Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.我到家时母亲在厨房开始做饭。6.在 allow, advise, permit, fo
35、rbid 等词后面，有名词或代词作宾语，用不定式作宾语补足语，如果没有宾语，直接用 ing 形式，如：We dont allow parking here. 我们不允许在这儿停车。The police dont allow people to park here. 警察不允许在这儿停车。7.need，require，want 译作“需要”时，跟动词 ing形式作宾语，主动表示被动，相当于 to be done,如：The windows require cleaning.The windows require to be cleaned. 窗子要擦了。8.在一些固定表达中用 ing 形式，不用
36、不定式：cant help doing, be worth doing, devoteto doing, look forward to doing, be/get/become used to doing, object to doing, thankfor doing, excusefor doing等。Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science.爱因斯坦终身致力于科学研究。Im looking forward to getting your letter. 我期盼收到你的来信。动词-ing 形式与-ed 形式作形容词
37、时的区别动词-ing 形式在句中作定语，表示一个正在进行的动作，它与主语中心词之间存在着主谓关系。动词的-ed 形式在句中作定语，表示一个已完成的或被动的动作，它与中心词之间存在着动宾关系。如：This was because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time.这是因为没有一台可以让人在水下长时间呼吸的机器。We live in a place called Gum Tree.我们住在一个叫做桉树村的地方。Take away the broken glass. 把那个被打碎
38、的玻璃杯拿走。The sleeping baby is hers. 那个睡着的孩子是她的。动词的-ing 形式做主语1.Did you have any problems in London?Yes,_ Chinese food like rice, noodles and dumplings.A.find B.found C.finding D.to find2.Whats made you so upset?_ three tickets to the pop music concert.A.Lost B.Losing C.Because of losing D.Since I lost动
39、词-ing 的形式作宾语3.Sam enjoys_ stamps. And now he has 266of them.A.to collect B.collected C.collects D.collecting4.Were looking forward to _the World Cup 2006 in Germany.A.visiting B.watching C.looking5.Would you mind _more slowly? I cant fellow you.A.speak B.spoke C.spoken D.speaking只能跟-ing 形式的动词或短语6.“W
40、ould you mind_ the music?” “No,not at all.”A.turn on B.to turn over C.turning on7.Are you afraid of _ at home, Linda?No,Ive grown up.A.alone B.being alone C.lonely D.being lonely8.When I _ the farm, the children have finished _the apple.A.reach;picking B.got;picking C.came;picked D.arrived in;to pic
41、k既能跟-ing 形式又能跟不定式作宾语的动词9.Wheres Mr Yu, do you know?Well,its hard to say. But I saw him _.A.was watching B.watching C.had watched D.watched10.She ought to stop _ ,she has a headache because she _ too long.A.to work,was reading B.to work,has readC.working,has read D.working,read11.Jane likes singing,
42、we often hear her _ after class.A.sing B.to sing C.sings D.sang动词-ing 形式与-ed 形式作形容词时的区别12.What _ news it was! Yes,all of the children were _.A.excited;exciting B.exciting;excitedC.exciting;exciting D.excited;excited13.The doctor _ a _ boy yesterday.A.had saved,dying B.saved,deadC.has saved,dead D.sa
43、ved,dying1.Listen! Can you hear the baby_?A.cry B.to cry C.crying D. cries2.Do you like sports?Sure,I am looking forward to_ the 28th olympic games _in Greece this August on TV.A.watch;to be held B.watching;being held C.watching;to be held D.watch;held3.He asked me to give up working on this maths p
44、roblem. Its too difficult. Here “give up working” means_.A.go on working B.stop working C.stop tp work D.work out4. The boy_in the teachers office was found_ yesterday.A.standing;smoke B.syanding;smorking C.stood;smoke D.stood;smoking5.Do you still remenber_ me somewhere in shanghai?Yes,of course. T
45、wo years ago.A.to see B.see C.seeing D.saw7. Would you mind_me how_English words?A.tell;torememberB.telling;rememberC.telling;to remember D.tell;remember8.Is Jim at home by himself? No. theres another boy_with him.A.playing B.play C.plays D.to play9.Have you finished the work? Not yet,but no matter
46、how hard it is, well keep_until we make it.A.failed B.trying C.tried D.failing10.Do you want to eat something?_,thanks. I am feeling sick now. I dont feel like_.A.Yes;eating something B.No;to eat anything C.Yes,toeat any thing D.No;eating something过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed 构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则
47、要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2过去分词作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed worl
