1、1省略句省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略。（一）词法上的省略 1.名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。These are Johns books and those are Marys (books). 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。 名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。at the doctors 在诊所 at Mr. Greens 在格林先生家 to m
2、y uncles 到我叔叔家 at the barbers 在理发店 2.冠词的省略 为了避免重复 The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 电闪雷鸣。 （thunder 前省略了定冠词 the） 在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。 She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。 在某些独立主格结构中。Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) 我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。 在 as 引
3、导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多。 3.介词的省略 both 后常跟 of 短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词 of 可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of 不能省略。Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。 She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。 在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词
4、for 可以省略。 These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. 这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。 和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，consider. (as)., prevent / stop. (from)doing.,have trouble / difficulty. (in) doing.,spend. (in / on) doing. 等中的介词可以省略。Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away. 树能阻止泥土被冲走。 Can you
5、 stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？ I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。 4.动词不定式中的省略有些动词，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove 等后作宾补的结构。to be + n. / adj. 中的 to be 可以省略。 I consider him (to be) lazy. 我认为他懒。 His mother found him (to be) a
6、 clever boy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。 感官动词 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词 let, make, have 后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时， to 必须保留。2They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。注：help 后作宾补的动词不定式中的 to 可以省略也可以保留。在 can not but, can not choose but, can not
7、help but, prefer to do sth rather than do sth, would do sth rather than.,之后的动词不定式一般不带 to；but 之前有实义动词 do 的某个形式 do, does, did, done 时，也不带 to, 否则要带 to。We have nothing to do now but wait. 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。 He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。
8、在并列结构中为了避免重复。Im really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个 to 不能省略。I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。在 why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略 to 的动词不定式。Why talk so much about it? 为什么大谈这个事呢？ Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？ 动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句
9、子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号 to。They may go if they wish to(go). 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。 Dont go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。 在一些动词 afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try 等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的 to 可以承前（后)省略。Will you go to the ci
10、nema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？ Well, Id like to (go with you). 我愿意。 I would do it for you, but I dont know how to (do it for you).我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。 在某些形容词，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager 等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号 to。Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？ Sure, Ill be glad to(join you in the game). 当
11、然，我愿意。 有些动词，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like, forbid 等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号 to。He didnt come, though we had invited him to (come). 尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词 have 或 be，则要保留 be 或 have。 Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？ -No, b
12、ut I used to be (a teacher). 不，我以前是。 （二）句法上的省略 在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。1.简单句中的省略 感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。3What a hot day (it is)! 多热的天啊！ How wonderful! 多妙啊！在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。（Will you）Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗？No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。（Is there ）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？2.并列句中的省略 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中
13、的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but
14、(he) soon returned to his old ways. 老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。 在并列复合句中，如果 that 从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个 that 从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。Jack will sing at the party, but I know John wont （sing at the party）. 杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。 3.复合句中的省略 名词性从句中的省略 作宾语的 wh 从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则 wh 从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅
15、保留一个 wh 词。 。Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who (has used it).有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。 有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。（Im）Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。 在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词 should 可以省略。a 一坚持(insist),
16、 二命令(order, command),三建议(suggest, propose, advise ),四要求(demand, require, request, ask)后的主语、宾语从句中.b 一个主意(idea),一个计划(plan),一个命令(order),三个建议(suggest, proposal, advice)等后的表语、同位语从句中.c It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that.主语从句中. Its important that we (should) sp
17、eak to the old politely.我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？ 关系副词 when, where, why 以及 that 在 the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, w
18、eek, month, year 等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school 等)4where, the reason why, the way that 结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词 when, where, why, that。I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 The reason (why) he came so early is his own a
19、ffair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。 The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。状语从句中的省略 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是 it，并且又含有 be 动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和 be 动词。 在 as, before, till, once, when, while 等引导的时间状语从句中。While（I was） waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。 在 though, although,等
20、引导的让步状语从句中。Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。 在 if, unless(=if. not)等引导的条件状语从句中。You shouldnt come to his party unless (you were) invited.除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。 在 as, as if, as though 引导的让步状语从句中。He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。 He paused as if (he was) expectin
21、g her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。 在 as(so). as., than 引导的比较状语从句中。I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。 This car doesnt run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。强调句中的省略 当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的 that。例:When was it (that) you received his email? 你收到他的电子邮件是什么时候?比较句中的省略 以 than/as 引起的从句中，
22、常会省略主语。因为主语省略了，所以尤其要注意识别哪个词是省略了的主语，进而选择谓语的数、时态和语态。例：He is more of a writer than a historian. 他是历史学家，但更可以说是位作家。He is more brilliant than ever before.他比以往更高明。 He worked as hard as others. 他干活像别人一样起劲。We will, as always, stand on your side. 我们会一如既往地支持你。The project requires more labor than has been put i
23、n because it is extremely difficult.（三）替代省略 1. 用 it, one, that，ones, those 替代句子中重复出现的名词、代词或句子。one 是指代同名称的另一样东西(同类异物), 代替前面句子中重复出现的可数名词;that 替代特指可数或不可数名词,后面常跟有 in 或 of 短语作后置定语;it 指代同名称的同样事物(同类同物) 。例:One took a taxi, and the other walked home. I havent a book, can you lend me one？2.“So / Nor(Neither)+
24、谓语 +主语“ 这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后5者。例:He cant do it, nor can I，nor can you, nor can anybody. 3that 引导的宾语从句省略时，可以省略从句的一部分，用 so 或 not 代替从句。 例:Is he coming back tonight?I think so. She must be busy now.If so, she cant go with us.Is he feeling better today?Im afraid not. Do you think he will attend the
25、meeting？I guess so.特别是在动词 appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think,或词组 be afraid后面，表示肯定时用 so,表示否定时可用 not.例： I think youll win the race; indeed we all think so.我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛，事实上我们都这样想。Im not sure she isnt coming, but I suppose. 我不能肯定她不来，但我想是这样。注意:命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最
26、为常见。 例:Open the door!开门! Why not? 为什么不 ? Why so? 为什么这样?Anybody wishing to go? 谁愿意去啊? How so？怎么会如此 Is that so？真的吗?高中英语省略句专练随堂专练：1.Tom wanted to play football with his friends in the street, but his father told him_.Anot to Bnot to do Cnot do it Ddo not to2.Do you think Jack is going to watch a footba
27、ll match this weekend?_.AI believe not BI believe not so CI dont believe it DI dont believe3.What do you think made the girl so glad?_a beautiful necklace.AAs she received BReceiving CReceived DBecause of receiving4. Father advised me not to say anything until _ at the meeting.Aasking Bto ask Casked
28、 Dask5.Have you watered the flowers?No, but_.AI am BIm going CIm just going to DI will go6. He hasnt gone to the office up to now.Well, he_.Ashould Bought to Cought to go Dought to have7.The war is very likely to break out in the near future.I _, if the situation goes as it is.Ahope so Bhope not Cam
29、 afraid not Dam afraid so8.You ought to have given them some advice._, but who cared what I said?ASo ought you BSo I ought CSo I did DSo did you9. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _.whether he was going in the right direction.Aseeing Bhaving seen Cto see Dto have seen10. _.he co
30、me, the problem would be settled.AWould BShould CShall DIf611.Can I see you at 3:00 pm next Monday?I_. I will have flown to New York long before then.Aam afraid not Bam afraid so Cam afraid to Dam afraid not to12. Is that a book on farming? If so, I want to borrow_.Yes, it is.Athis Bit Cone Dthe one
31、13. _, I will help you with your work.AIf am possible BIf it possible CIf possible DPossible14.How are you getting on with your work?Oh, Im sorry. Things arent going so well as_.Aplans Bplanning Cplanned Dto plan15.Are you a volunteer now?No, but I _. I worked for the City Sports Meeting last year.A
32、used to Bused to be Cused to do Dwas used to综合专练：1. The boy wanted to ride his bike in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to2. The traditional goal of science is to discover how things are, not how they ought _.A. to B. to be C. be D. have been3. -Did
33、 you work in the lab every afternoon? -No, but sometimes, I wish I _.A. had time to B. had time to do C. have time to D. have time4. -I hope the children wont touch the dog. -Ive warned them _.A. not B. not to C. not touch D. not do5. Some students are going to China in summer vacation, and _.A. som
34、e are to America B. some going to America C. some to America D. some America6. The workers did all _ good care of the old man. A. they could to take B. they could take C. which they could to take D. what they could to take7. Of all the things in the world, I think life and love are _.A. very much pr
35、ecious B. more than precious C. the preciousest D. the most precious8. The photographs of other planets taken by satellite are clear than _.A. the earth B. those taken from the earth C. those of the earth D. of the earth9. why _? It is not very serious.A. to worry B. worry C. not worry D. you are wo
36、rried10. _ the road, dont forget to look both ways.A. As crossing B. While you cross C. While crossing D. Cross11. Chemistry is the science of substances _ the science of energy.A. and is physics B. or is physics C. and physics D. or physics is 12. Who broke the window?- _.A. Him B. He C. He broke D
37、. It is him13. -Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. 7- Why _? John is sitting there doing nothing. A. him B. he C. I D. me14. -How do you find your missing pen?-_.A. Quite by accident B. I found it in my drawer.C. It writes well D. It was well kept by myself.15. -You must obey every wo
38、rd of mine. -_ I dont.?A. How if B. What if C. Such as D. Only if16. When _, the museum will be open to the public next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed17. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. A. see
39、ing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see18. I wont go to his party next time. It couldnt have been _ in fact.A. any better B. any worse C. so bad D. the best19. -Does Bill do his new job well? -_ his old job. I am afraid there is no hope for him.A. Not better than B. No better than C. Not so wel
40、l as D. Not as well as20. -Leaving for Shanghai? -_.A. Soon B. Lately C. The other day D. Sooner21. The rent is expensive. Ive got half the space I had at home and Im paying _here.A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much22. Wait until we get a satis
41、factory one, will you? -I couldnt agree _, It sounds good to me.A. much B. worse C. more D. at all23. Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?Not at all. _. A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to24. Let me introduce myself. Im Albert. _.A. What a
42、pleasure B. Its my pleasure C. Pleased to meet you D. Im very pleased25. Do you mind my taking this seat？_. A. Yes, sit down B. No, of course not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you cant take it26. I usually go there by train.Why not _by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and
43、 go D. try going27. Unless_ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited28. Though_ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in829. The research is so designed that once _noth
44、ing can be done to change itA. begins B having begun C. beginning D. begun 30. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if_ whether he was going in the right direction. A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see31. _, he doesnt want to go to school and keep in touch with the bad bo
45、ys. A. As he is a student B. He is as student C. Student as he is D. As students he is32. The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?_.A. I guess not so B. I dont guessC. I dont guess so D. I guess not33. In a way, I think we both won: I the game, but cousin Ed my _. A. friendship B. respect
46、 C. support D. favor34. I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do? Dont speak until _.A. speaking B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to35. How are you getting on with your work? Oh, Im sorry. Things arent going so well as _.A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan36. He is
47、 only too ready to help others, seldom, _, refusing them when they turn to him.A. if never B. if ever C. if not D. if any 37. While _ holding talks with President Hu Jintao, US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks. A. he is B. he was C./ D. B or C 38. You should have thanked her before you left. I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her an
